GO:0008253 5'-nucleotidase activity: Mechanism, Genes and Research Methods
Research-grade guide for scientists and biopharma professionals
Key Takeaways
• GO:0008253 (5'-nucleotidase activity) describes the hydrolysis of a nucleoside 5'-phosphate to a nucleoside and phosphate, a terminal step in purine and pyrimidine salvage.
• The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes such as NT5E (CD73), NT5C1A, NT5C2, NT5C3A and NT5M, which differ in subcellular localization and substrate preference.
• 5'-nucleotidase activity controls adenosine production, a key modulator of immune suppression, cardioprotection and neurotransmission.
• Altered 5'-nucleotidase activity has been documented in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, glioblastoma, cardiac hypoxia and sleep-wake regulation.
• The activity is regulated by oxygen tension, adenosine receptor signaling and cellular activation state.
• CRISPR knockout, point mutation, knock-in and overexpression models enable causal dissection of 5'-nucleotidase genes in disease and metabolism.
Description
5'-nucleotidase activity (GO:0008253) is a molecular function that removes the phosphate group from a nucleoside 5'-monophosphate, releasing the corresponding nucleoside and inorganic phosphate. This reaction is central to nucleotide catabolism and to the salvage of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, and it is the final enzymatic step in the extracellular and intracellular production of adenosine. Because adenosine acts as a potent signaling molecule, 5'-nucleotidase activity sits at the interface of energy metabolism, immune regulation and cardiovascular physiology. Researchers study this activity to understand how cells balance nucleotide pools, how adenosine is generated under stress, and how tumors and immune cells exploit ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to suppress anti-tumor immunity. The activity is also relevant to leukemias and to normal lymphocyte biology, where 5'-nucleotidase levels change with disease state. In the heart and brain, the enzyme is a determinant of adenosine release during hypoxia, preconditioning and prolonged wakefulness. This article summarizes the QuickGO definition of GO:0008253, the major genes and protein families that carry this activity, the biochemical and cellular contexts in which it operates, and the experimental models, including CRISPR-based approaches, that are used to interrogate it.
5'-nucleotidase activity At A Glance
| GO ID | GO:0008253 |
|---|---|
| GO term | 5'-nucleotidase activity |
| Ontology | molecular_function |
| Definition | Catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside 5'-phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate. |
| Synonyms | 5'-adenylic phosphatase, 5'-AMPase, 5'-AMP nucleotidase, 5'-mononucleotidase activity, 5' nucleotidase activity, 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase activity, adenosine 5'-phosphatase, adenosine monophosphatase, AMPase, AMP phosphatase, AMP phosphohydrolase, snake venom 5'-nucleotidase, thimidine monophosphate nucleotidase, UMPase, uridine 5'-nucleotidase |
| Major function | Hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates to nucleosides and phosphate, contributing to nucleotide catabolism and adenosine production. |
| Representative enzymes | NT5E (CD73), NT5C1A, NT5C2, NT5C3A, NT5M. |
| Subcellular contexts | Plasma membrane (ecto-5'-nucleotidase), cytosol, mitochondria and lysosomes. |
| Key substrates | AMP, UMP, IMP, GMP and other 5'-ribonucleotides and 5'-deoxyribonucleotides. |
| Physiological roles | Adenosine generation, cardioprotection, immune suppression, sleep-wake regulation. |
What Is GO:0008253?
According to the Gene Ontology, 5'-nucleotidase activity (GO:0008253) is defined as the catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside 5'-phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate. In other words, it is a phosphohydrolase that cleaves the phosphate ester at the 5' position of a ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide, releasing the free nucleoside and inorganic phosphate. The term covers a family of enzymes with overlapping but distinct substrate specificities, including AMPase, UMPase and various 5'-mononucleotidase activities.
Why Is 5'-nucleotidase activity Important in Cell Biology?
5'-nucleotidase activity is important because it is the terminal step in the production of adenosine, a signaling molecule that regulates coronary blood flow, inflammation, neurotransmission and immune surveillance. In the heart, increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity correlates with preconditioning-induced cardioprotection, while reduced activity in activated neutrophils limits adenosine release. In cancer, CD73 (NT5E) expressed on tumor and immune cells generates adenosine that suppresses T-cell activity, and inhibiting this activity enhances immunotherapy in glioblastoma models. In hematology, 5'-nucleotidase activity in lymphocytes is altered in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, making it a candidate biomarker and functional readout. The activity also responds to physiological state, including prolonged wakefulness and adenosine A2 receptor stimulation.
• Controls the final step of adenosine biosynthesis from AMP, influencing immune and cardiovascular signaling.
• Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) is an immune checkpoint that suppresses T-cell activity in tumors.
• 5'-nucleotidase activity is altered in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes.
• Cardioprotection from ischemic preconditioning correlates with increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity.
• Hypoxia and underperfusion increase 5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine formation in the heart.
• Adenosine A2 receptor stimulation increases 5'-nucleotidase activity in mesangial cells.
• Prolonged wakefulness changes 5'-nucleotidase activity in cortex and basal forebrain.
• The activity is a target for immunotherapy, cardiology and neuropharmacology research.
• Enzyme family members differ in localization, allowing compartment-specific adenosine production.
• CRISPR models enable causal testing of individual 5'-nucleotidase genes in these processes.
Molecular Mechanism of 5'-nucleotidase activity
Substrate recognition and binding
In simple terms: The enzyme grabs a nucleotide and positions its 5' phosphate for cleavage.
5'-nucleotidase enzymes bind nucleoside 5'-monophosphates such as AMP, UMP, IMP and GMP in their active site, using conserved residues to coordinate the phosphate and the ribose moiety. Substrate specificity varies among family members; for example, placental trophoblastic microvilli 5'-nucleotidase also displays cobalt-stimulated FAD pyrophosphatase activity, indicating broad nucleotide-binding capability. The ecto-enzyme CD73 (NT5E) preferentially hydrolyzes extracellular AMP to adenosine, a reaction that is central to its immune and cardiovascular roles.
Catalytic hydrolysis
In simple terms: Water attacks the phosphate, releasing the nucleoside and free phosphate.
The catalytic mechanism involves nucleophilic attack by water on the phosphorus atom of the 5'-phosphate, yielding a free nucleoside and inorganic phosphate. This phosphohydrolase reaction is the defining feature of GO:0008253 and is shared by cytosolic, mitochondrial and membrane-bound isoforms. In the heart, the rate of this reaction determines how much adenosine is produced from AMP during hypoxia or underperfusion.
Cofactors and metal dependence
In simple terms: Some versions of the enzyme need metal ions or other cofactors to work well.
Certain 5'-nucleotidase preparations are stimulated by cobalt, and the human placental enzyme possesses cobalt-stimulated FAD pyrophosphatase activity, linking the active site to metal-dependent catalysis. This cofactor dependence can influence assay design and the interpretation of enzyme activity measurements in tissue extracts.
Regulation by oxygen, adenosine and cellular state
In simple terms: How much the enzyme works depends on oxygen levels, adenosine signals and whether the cell is activated.
In the heart, 5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine formation increase under stimulated, hypoxic and underperfused conditions, indicating oxygen-sensitive regulation. Adenosine itself can stimulate 5'-nucleotidase activity in rat mesangial cells via A2 receptors, forming a positive feedback loop. In activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine release are attenuated, showing that immune activation downregulates the activity. Prolonged wakefulness also changes 5'-nucleotidase activity in rat cortex and basal forebrain, suggesting state-dependent regulation in the brain.
Compartmentalization of the reaction
In simple terms: Different versions of the enzyme work in different parts of the cell.
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73/NT5E) acts on the extracellular surface, where it generates adenosine for receptor signaling. Cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms such as NT5C1A, NT5C2, NT5C3A and NT5M hydrolyze intracellular nucleoside monophosphates, contributing to nucleotide pool homeostasis. This compartmentalization allows the same GO:0008253 activity to serve distinct physiological functions depending on location.
Key Genes Involved in GO:0008253 5'-nucleotidase activity
The following genes encode enzymes or regulators associated with 5'-nucleotidase activity (GO:0008253) and its physiological outputs.
| Gene | Major Role | Research Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| NT5E (CD73) | Ecto-5'-nucleotidase that hydrolyzes extracellular AMP to adenosine | Immune checkpoint in glioblastoma and other cancers; target for immunotherapy |
| NT5C1A | Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase specific for AMP | Nucleotide pool regulation and adenosine production in muscle and other tissues |
| NT5C2 | Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase acting on IMP and other purine monophosphates | Purine salvage and chemotherapy resistance studies |
| NT5C3A | Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase for pyrimidine monophosphates | Pyrimidine metabolism and hereditary anemia research |
| NT5M | Mitochondrial 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase | Mitochondrial nucleotide homeostasis and DNA precursor balance |
| ADA | Adenosine deaminase, degrades adenosine produced by 5'-nucleotidase | Adenosine pathway balance in immune and metabolic studies |
| ADK | Adenosine kinase, phosphorylates adenosine back to AMP | Sleep-wake and brain adenosine regulation |
| ENTPD1 (CD39) | Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase upstream of CD73 | Generates AMP substrate for ecto-5'-nucleotidase in tumors |
| ADORA2A | Adenosine A2A receptor | Mediates adenosine signaling downstream of 5'-nucleotidase |
| ADORA2B | Adenosine A2B receptor | Cardiac and immune responses to adenosine |
| HIF1A | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha | Regulates oxygen-dependent adenosine pathway genes |
| AMPK | Energy sensor kinase | Links cellular energy status to nucleotide metabolism |
| PNP | Purine nucleoside phosphorylase | Downstream nucleoside catabolism after 5'-nucleotidase action |
| XDH | Xanthine dehydrogenase | Purine catabolism downstream of nucleoside breakdown |
| SLC29A1 | Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 | Transports nucleosides produced by 5'-nucleotidase |
| SLC29A2 | Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 | Nucleoside transport in heart and brain |
| IL6 | Interleukin 6 | Inflammatory cytokine linked to adenosine pathway modulation |
| TNF | Tumor necrosis factor | Inflammatory mediator affecting ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity |
How Is 5'-nucleotidase activity Regulated?
5'-nucleotidase activity is regulated at multiple levels. Oxygen tension is a major determinant: in the heart, stimulated, hypoxic and underperfused conditions increase 5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine formation. Adenosine itself can stimulate the activity via A2 receptors in rat mesangial cells, establishing a feed-forward loop. Cellular activation state also matters, as activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes show attenuated ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and reduced adenosine release. In the brain, prolonged wakefulness alters 5'-nucleotidase activity in the cortex and basal forebrain, indicating state-dependent regulation. These layers of control allow the same enzymatic activity to be tuned to metabolic, inflammatory and neurological contexts.
5'-nucleotidase activity and Human Disease
| Gene | Disease / Biology | Potential Experimental Model |
|---|---|---|
| NT5E (CD73) | Glioblastoma immune evasion | CD73 knockout or point-mutation glioma cells in syngeneic mouse models |
| NT5E (CD73) | B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocyte activity | Patient-derived lymphocyte assays with CD73 knockout |
| NT5E (CD73) | Cardiac ischemia and preconditioning | Cardiomyocyte-specific CD73 knockout or knock-in mice |
| NT5C2 | Purine salvage and chemotherapy resistance | Knockout or point-mutation leukemia cell lines |
| ADORA2A | Adenosine signaling in mesangial cells | A2 receptor knockout mesangial cells with 5'-nucleotidase activity readout |
Cancer and immune evasion
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73/NT5E) generates adenosine in the tumor microenvironment, suppressing T-cell infiltration and activity. Inhibiting CD73 to block this 5'-nucleotidase activity boosts T-cell infiltration and enhances glioblastoma immunotherapy in preclinical models. This makes the activity a therapeutic target and a functional biomarker in immuno-oncology.
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
5'-nucleotidase activity in lymphocytes from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been measured and shows disease-associated changes, supporting its evaluation as a functional marker in hematological malignancy.
Cardiac ischemia and preconditioning
Cardioprotection due to preconditioning correlates with increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, and hypoxia or underperfusion increases 5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine formation in the rat heart. These findings link the activity to ischemic injury and cardioprotective strategies.
Neurological and sleep-related processes
Prolonged wakefulness changes 5'-nucleotidase activity in the cortex and basal forebrain of the rat, implicating the activity in sleep-wake regulation and brain adenosine signaling. Adenosine A2 receptor stimulation also increases 5'-nucleotidase activity in mesangial cells, showing receptor-coupled regulation relevant to renal and neurological physiology.
From 5'-nucleotidase activity-Related Genes to Experimental Models
| Research Question | Suitable Model |
|---|---|
| Does loss of CD73 reduce adenosine production and enhance T-cell activity? | NT5E knockout tumor cells or mice |
| Does a catalytic-site point mutation abolish 5'-nucleotidase activity? | Point-mutation knock-in of NT5E catalytic residues |
| Can tagged CD73 be used to track localization and activity? | Tagged knock-in of NT5E in cancer cell lines |
| Does overexpression of NT5C2 alter nucleotide pools? | Overexpression cell model with metabolic profiling |
| Does adenosine A2 receptor signaling require 5'-nucleotidase activity? | ADORA2A knockout or overexpression in mesangial cells |
| Does hypoxia-induced cardioprotection depend on ecto-5'-nucleotidase? | Cardiomyocyte knockout and hypoxia/reperfusion assays |
How to Study the 5'-nucleotidase activity Process
| Method | What It Measures | Typical Application |
|---|---|---|
| Phosphate release assay | 5'-nucleotidase enzymatic activity | Tissue extracts, lymphocytes, placental microvilli |
| Adenosine quantification | Adenosine production downstream of 5'-nucleotidase | Activated leukocytes, hypoxic heart, preconditioning |
| CRISPR knockout | Requirement of a specific gene for activity | CD73 in glioblastoma immunotherapy |
| Point-mutation knock-in | Catalytic residue function | NT5E active-site mutants |
| Overexpression | Gain-of-function effects on nucleotide pools | NT5C2 and other cytosolic isoforms |
| qPCR / immunoblot | Isoform expression levels | Cell-type-specific contribution to activity |
| Subcellular fractionation | Localization of enzyme activity | Placental microvilli and membrane fractions |
| Adenosine receptor blockade | Receptor dependence of activity regulation | Mesangial cells with A2 receptor agonists |
Enzymatic activity assays
5'-nucleotidase activity is typically measured by incubating cell or tissue extracts with a nucleoside 5'-monophosphate substrate and quantifying released phosphate or nucleoside. This approach has been used in lymphocytes from B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, in placental microvilli, and in heart and brain tissue. Assay conditions must account for metal dependence, as cobalt can stimulate certain preparations.
Adenosine release measurements
Because 5'-nucleotidase activity is a major source of adenosine, researchers measure adenosine release from cells and tissues to infer activity. This has been applied in activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, hypoxic rat heart and preconditioning models. Coupling adenosine measurement with enzyme inhibition or genetic knockout helps establish causality.
Genetic and CRISPR-based perturbation
Knockout, point mutation, knock-in and overexpression models allow direct testing of whether a specific 5'-nucleotidase gene is required for a phenotype. For example, inhibiting CD73 genetically or pharmacologically boosts T-cell infiltration and activity in glioblastoma immunotherapy models. Such models are essential for distinguishing among the multiple enzymes that share GO:0008253 activity.
Expression and localization analysis
RNA and protein expression of NT5E, NT5C1A, NT5C2, NT5C3A and NT5M can be assessed by qPCR, immunoblotting and imaging to determine which isoform contributes to activity in a given cell type. Placental trophoblastic microvilli studies illustrate how subcellular fractionation can localize the activity. In tumors, CD73 expression and localization are relevant to immune checkpoint function.
How CRISPR Can Be Used to Study GO:0008253 5'-nucleotidase activity
Knockout
CRISPR knockout of NT5E (CD73) or other 5'-nucleotidase genes eliminates the corresponding activity, allowing researchers to test its role in adenosine production, immune suppression and cardioprotection. Knockout of CD73 in tumor models has been used to show that inhibiting ecto-5'-nucleotidase boosts T-cell infiltration and activity in glioblastoma immunotherapy. Knockout approaches are also useful for distinguishing among isoforms with overlapping substrate specificity.
Point Mutation
Point-mutation knock-in of catalytic residues can separate enzymatic activity from other protein functions. Because 5'-nucleotidase activity depends on precise phosphate hydrolysis, mutating active-site residues provides a clean test of whether the catalytic function is required for a phenotype. Such models are valuable when a protein has both enzymatic and non-enzymatic roles.
Knock-in
Tagged knock-in of NT5E or related genes enables tracking of protein localization and interaction while preserving endogenous regulation. This is particularly useful for ecto-5'-nucleotidase, whose activity depends on plasma membrane localization. Knock-in of reporter or affinity tags supports imaging and proteomic studies of the adenosine pathway.
Overexpression
Overexpression of 5'-nucleotidase genes such as NT5C2 or NT5E increases enzymatic activity and can reveal gain-of-function effects on nucleotide pools, adenosine signaling and cell behavior. Overexpression models complement knockout studies by testing sufficiency rather than necessity.
How EDITGENE Supports 5'-nucleotidase activity Research
Researchers studying 5'-nucleotidase activity-related genes often need to determine whether a candidate gene is causally involved in adenosine production, immune regulation or disease phenotypes. Because multiple enzymes share GO:0008253 activity, genetic models that cleanly isolate each gene are essential for rigorous conclusions. EDITGENE provides the CRISPR tools and cell models needed to build such causal evidence.
Contact EDITGENE today to design your custom CRISPR model for 5'-nucleotidase activity research.
Related Products
| Product name | Cat.No. | Species | Gene ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACP3 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ2521 | Human | 55 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C3B Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ7502 | Human | 115024 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C2 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ7761 | Human | 22978 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C1A Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ10135 | Human | 84618 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C1B Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ11149 | Human | 93034 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5DC4 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ14506 | Human | 284958 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5M Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ14508 | Human | 56953 | Details Get a Quote |
| ENPP3 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ17752 | Human | 5169 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5E Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ17779 | Human | 4907 | Details Get a Quote |
| ALPL Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDC08024 | Human | 249 | Details Get a Quote |
| ALPL Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ22028 | Human | 249 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C2 Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ33213 | Human | 22978 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C2 Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ33214 | Human | 22978 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5C2 Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ33215 | Human | 22978 | Details Get a Quote |
| NT5M Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ44778 | Human | 56953 | Details Get a Quote |
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Frequently Asked Questions About 5'-nucleotidase activity
What is 5'-nucleotidase activity?
5'-nucleotidase activity (GO:0008253) is the catalysis of the reaction: a nucleoside 5'-phosphate + H2O = a nucleoside + phosphate, releasing a free nucleoside and inorganic phosphate.
What genes are involved in 5'-nucleotidase activity?
Genes encoding enzymes with this activity include NT5E (CD73), NT5C1A, NT5C2, NT5C3A and NT5M, which differ in localization and substrate preference.
What is the GO ID for 5'-nucleotidase activity?
The Gene Ontology ID for 5'-nucleotidase activity is GO:0008253, classified under molecular_function.
How is 5'-nucleotidase activity measured?
It is commonly measured by incubating samples with a nucleoside 5'-monophosphate substrate and quantifying released phosphate or nucleoside, or by measuring adenosine production.
Why is 5'-nucleotidase activity important in cancer?
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) generates adenosine that suppresses T-cell activity; inhibiting it boosts T-cell infiltration and enhances glioblastoma immunotherapy in preclinical models.
Does 5'-nucleotidase activity change in leukemia?
Yes, 5'-nucleotidase activity has been measured in lymphocytes from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and shows disease-associated changes.
How is 5'-nucleotidase activity regulated?
It is regulated by oxygen tension, adenosine A2 receptor signaling, cellular activation state and sleep-wake state, as shown in heart, mesangial cell and brain studies.
What is the role of 5'-nucleotidase activity in the heart?
Cardioprotection due to preconditioning correlates with increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, and hypoxia or underperfusion increases activity and adenosine formation in the rat heart.
Can CRISPR be used to study 5'-nucleotidase activity?
Yes, CRISPR knockout, point mutation, knock-in and overexpression models allow causal testing of individual 5'-nucleotidase genes, as demonstrated for CD73 in glioblastoma immunotherapy.
What are the synonyms of 5'-nucleotidase activity?
Synonyms include 5'-AMPase, AMPase, 5'-mononucleotidase activity, adenosine 5'-phosphatase, UMPase and uridine 5'-nucleotidase, among others.
Conclusion
5'-nucleotidase activity (GO:0008253) is a fundamental phosphohydrolase function that links nucleotide metabolism to adenosine signaling. Its roles in immune suppression, cardioprotection, leukemia biology and brain function make it a high-value target for mechanistic and translational research. Because several enzymes share this activity, rigorous genetic models are needed to assign function to specific genes. EDITGENE supports this work with knockout, point-mutation, knock-in, overexpression and CRISPR screening services tailored to 5'-nucleotidase genes and the adenosine pathway.
References
- 1. Lee RS et al.. 1988. 5'-Nucleotidase of human placental trophoblastic microvilli possesses cobalt-stimulated FAD pyrophosphatase activity.. J Biol Chem 263(29):14878-83 PMID: 2844789
- 2. Rosi F et al.. 1998. 5'-nucleotidase activity in lymphocytes from patients affected by B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.. Clin Biochem 31(4):269-72 PMID: 9646951
- 3. Kitakaze M et al.. 1993. Attenuation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine release in activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.. Circ Res 73(3):524-33 PMID: 8348695
- 4. Zhang H et al.. 2024. Boost Infiltration and Activity of T Cells via Inhibiting Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) Immune Checkpoint to Enhance Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.. ACS Nano 18(34):23001-23013 PMID: 39150454
- 5. Minamino T et al.. 1996. Cardioprotection due to preconditioning correlates with increased ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity.. Am J Physiol 270(1 Pt 2):H238-44 PMID: 8769757
- 6. Alanko L et al.. 2003. Adenosine kinase and 5'-nucleotidase activity after prolonged wakefulness in the cortex and the basal forebrain of rat.. Neurochem Int 42(6):449-54 PMID: 12547643
- 7. Headrick JP et al.. 1989. 5'-Nucleotidase activity and adenosine formation in stimulated, hypoxic and underperfused rat heart.. Biochem J 261(2):541-50 PMID: 2549975
- 8. Stefanovic V et al.. 1993. Adenosine stimulates 5'-nucleotidase activity in rat mesangial cells via A2 receptors.. FEBS Lett 331(1-2):96-100 PMID: 8405420
