TLR10 Gene - Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance

TLR10 (Toll Like Receptor 10) is a protein-coding gene that belongs to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLR10 is the only TLR family member with an inhibitory function, dampening inflammatory responses. It is predominantly expressed in lymphoid tissues and B cells. The gene is located on chromosome 4p14 and encodes a 811-amino acid protein. TLR10 recognizes microbial ligands and modulates immune signaling, with implications in infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

Tissue Expression

Cell Line Expression

Hotspot Mutations

Mutation functional classification

• Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (KEGG: hsa04620)

• MyD88-independent TLR signaling (Reactome: R-HSA-166058)

• Innate Immune System (Reactome: R-HSA-168249)

TLR10 is a transmembrane receptor protein of 811 amino acids (UniProt Q9BXR5) with an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain and a cytoplasmic TIR domain. Unlike other TLRs, TLR10 exerts an inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. It is expressed primarily in B cells and lymphoid tissues. TLR10 can form homodimers or heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR2, recognizing microbial lipopeptides. Its signaling is MyD88-dependent but leads to anti-inflammatory responses. The protein is implicated in modulating immune homeostasis and has been linked to various inflammatory and malignant conditions.