GALR2: Galanin Receptor 2
A G protein-coupled receptor for galanin, involved in neuromodulation, pain, and cancer signaling.
Gene Information Card
| Symbol | GALR2 |
|---|---|
| Full Name | galanin receptor 2 |
| Gene Type | protein-coding |
| Chromosomal Location | 17q25.3 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 8811 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8811 |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000141510 |
| UniProt ID | O43603 |
| OMIM ID | 603691 |
| HGNC ID | 4133 |
| Aliases | GALNR2, GALR-2 |
Description
GALR2 encodes the galanin receptor 2, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for the neuropeptide galanin. It is involved in modulating pain, feeding behavior, memory, and neuroendocrine signaling. GALR2 couples primarily to Gq/11 proteins, leading to activation of phospholipase C and intracellular calcium mobilization. The receptor is expressed in the central nervous system, peripheral tissues, and various cancers, where it may influence tumor growth and metastasis.
Disease Associations
| Disease category | Pathophysiological mechanism | Genomic evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Breast Cancer | GALR2 overexpression activates MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways, promoting cell proliferation and migration. | PMID: 25642768 |
| Pain (Neuropathic) | Galanin binding to GALR2 in dorsal root ganglia modulates nociceptive signaling and reduces pain hypersensitivity. | PMID: 19625523 |
| Epilepsy | GALR2 activation reduces seizure severity in animal models via inhibition of glutamate release. | PMID: 15009638 |
| Colorectal Cancer | GALR2 expression correlates with poor prognosis; receptor activation enhances invasion via RhoA/ROCK signaling. | PMID: 29367642 |
Expression Profile
Tissue Expression
| Tissue | nTPM | level |
|---|---|---|
| Brain | 5.8 | Medium |
| Spinal Cord | 4.2 | Medium |
| Pituitary Gland | 3.1 | Low |
| Small Intestine | 2.5 | Low |
| Pancreas | 1.9 | Low |
| Breast | 1.2 | Not detected |
Cell Line Expression
| Cell Line | nTPM | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) | 6.3 | Endogenous expression |
| MCF7 (breast cancer) | 4.1 | Overexpressed in some lines |
| HEK293 (embryonic kidney) | 0.8 | Low endogenous; used for transfection |
| HCT116 (colorectal) | 3.7 | Moderate expression |
Data source：Human Protein Atlas（proteinatlas.org）
Mutations & Variants
Hotspot Mutations
| Variant | Type | Frequency | Functional Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| c.244G>A (p.Gly82Ser) | Missense | <0.01% | Reported in ClinVar; functional impact unknown |
| c.556C>T (p.Arg186Cys) | Missense | <0.01% | Potential loss of ligand binding |
| c.1003_1004insA (p.Thr335Asnfs*12) | Frameshift | <0.01% | Predicted loss of function |
Mutation functional classification
Loss of Function (LOF)
Frameshift and nonsense variants (e.g., p.Thr335Asnfs*12) likely cause truncated, non-functional receptor.
Gain of Function (GOF)
No confirmed gain-of-function mutations reported in GALR2.
Dominant Negative (DN)
No evidence for dominant-negative effects in GALR2.
View complete mutation data：
Gene Ontology (GO)
Pathways
• Galanin receptor signaling (Reactome: R-HSA-418594)
• GPCR downstream signaling (Reactome: R-HSA-388396)
• MAPK signaling (KEGG: hsa04010)
• Calcium signaling pathway (KEGG: hsa04020)
Protein Summary
GALR2 is a 387-amino acid G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains. It binds galanin with high affinity and activates Gq/11, leading to phospholipase C activation, inositol trisphosphate production, and intracellular calcium release. The receptor is involved in neuromodulation, pain transmission, and hormone secretion. In cancer, GALR2 can promote tumor progression through MAPK and PI3K pathways. Structural studies indicate key residues for ligand binding in transmembrane helices 3, 5, and 6.
Related Services
Related Products
| Product name | Cat.No. | Species | Gene ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GALR2 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ2780 | Human | 8811 | Details Get a Quote |
| GALR2 Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ55011 | Human | 8811 | Details Get a Quote |
| GALR2 Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ63493 | Human | 8811 | Details Get a Quote |
| GALR2 Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ71963 | Human | 8811 | Details Get a Quote |
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