GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process: Pathway, Genes, Functions and Research Methods
Research-grade guide for scientists and biopharma professionals
Key Takeaways
• GO:0006636 describes the chemical reactions and pathways that form unsaturated fatty acids, defined as fatty acids containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is central to membrane fluidity, lipid signaling, and energy metabolism, and is dysregulated in cancer, metabolic disease, and immune dysfunction.
• Key enzymes include desaturases such as FADS1 and FADS2, elongases such as ELOVL family members, and accessory proteins such as FABP5 that handle unsaturated fatty acid trafficking.
• In cancer, unsaturated fatty acids can be taken up by FABP5-positive lipid-loaded macrophages and suppress T-cell antitumour immunity, linking this pathway to immune evasion.
• Acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells depend on unsaturated fatty acid resources, making this pathway a potential therapeutic vulnerability.
• CRISPR knockout, point-mutation, knock-in, and overexpression models enable causal testing of genes in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.
Description
GO:0006636, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process, is a biological process Gene Ontology term that covers the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, defined as any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. This process is fundamental to cellular life because unsaturated fatty acids are essential components of membrane phospholipids and precursors of lipid signaling molecules. Research in microalgae, bacteria, and mammalian cells has shown that the pathway is tightly regulated and responsive to environmental and metabolic cues. In recent years, the pathway has attracted intense interest in cancer biology, immunology, and metabolic disease. For example, tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acids processed by FABP5-positive lipid-loaded macrophages can suppress T-cell antitumour immunity, directly linking this biosynthetic process to immune evasion. Acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells have also been shown to be interdependent for unsaturated fatty acid resources, suggesting that targeting this pathway may disrupt tumour adaptation. In bovine granulosa cells, saturated fatty acids inhibit unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis, illustrating crosstalk between this pathway and glucose metabolism. Because of these roles, researchers increasingly need robust experimental models to dissect the genes and mechanisms of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis.
unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process At A Glance
| GO ID | GO:0006636 |
|---|---|
| GO term | unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process |
| Ontology | biological_process |
| Definition | The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. |
| Synonym | fatty acid desaturation; polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis; unsaturated fatty acid anabolism; unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis; unsaturated fatty acid formation; unsaturated fatty acid synthesis |
| Major function | Production of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for membrane lipids, signaling, and energy storage |
| Representative enzymes | Desaturases such as FADS1 and FADS2, elongases such as ELOVL family members, and accessory proteins such as FABP5 |
| Related processes | Fatty acid elongation, lipid peroxidation, glucose uptake, and immune regulation |
| Disease relevance | Cancer immune evasion, metabolic disease, and ferroptosis-related therapy |
What Is GO:0006636?
In your own words, GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process refers to the collection of enzymatic reactions and metabolic routes that produce fatty acids containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond. The term encompasses the synthesis of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including desaturation and elongation steps, and is distinct from saturated fatty acid biosynthesis. The QuickGO definition states that it is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. Synonyms include fatty acid desaturation, polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, unsaturated fatty acid anabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, unsaturated fatty acid formation, and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis.
Why Is unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Important in Cell Biology?
Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process is important because unsaturated fatty acids are not only structural components of cell membranes but also potent signaling molecules and substrates for lipid peroxidation. In cancer, tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acids processed by FABP5-positive lipid-loaded macrophages suppress T-cell antitumour immunity, revealing a direct link between this pathway and immune escape. Acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells are interdependent for unsaturated fatty acid resources, indicating that this pathway supports tumour adaptation to hostile microenvironments. In metabolic biology, unsaturated fatty acids can induce glucose uptake in bovine granulosa cells, and saturated fatty acids inhibit this effect through mechanisms involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis. In marine phytoplankton, fatty acid profiles and production are ecologically important, influencing food webs and global lipid cycles. In microalgae, unsaturated fatty acid synthesis is a target for biotechnology and biofuel production. Finally, unsaturated fatty acid-tuned assembly of photosensitizers and unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes can enhance photodynamic therapy and ferroptosis-based cancer therapy, showing translational applications.
• Maintains membrane fluidity and function by producing unsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds.
• Supports immune evasion in cancer through FABP5-positive lipid-loaded macrophages that process tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acids.
• Enables adaptation of acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells by providing unsaturated fatty acid resources.
• Links to glucose metabolism, as unsaturated fatty acids induce glucose uptake involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis in bovine granulosa cells.
• Provides precursors for lipid peroxidation, which can be exploited in photodynamic therapy and ferroptosis-based cancer therapy.
• Is a biotechnological target in microalgae for producing valuable unsaturated fatty acids.
• Is regulated by transcription factors such as PsrA in Azotobacter vinelandii, controlling the fabAB operon.
• Contributes to marine phytoplankton fatty acid profiles, with ecological and biogeochemical significance.
• Offers therapeutic vulnerabilities in cancer and metabolic disorders.
• Can be studied with CRISPR models to establish causal gene function.
What Happens During unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process?
Initiation and substrate supply
In simple terms: The cell first makes or imports saturated fatty acid precursors that will be desaturated.
Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis begins with saturated fatty acyl chains, typically produced by fatty acid synthase or imported from the environment. In Azotobacter vinelandii, the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis operon fabAB is positively regulated by PsrA, ensuring that the necessary enzymes are expressed when substrates are available. In microalgae, research progress has detailed how precursor supply and desaturase expression are coordinated to produce unsaturated fatty acids. In cancer cells, acid-exposed and hypoxic conditions alter the availability of unsaturated fatty acid resources, indicating that substrate supply is microenvironment-dependent.
Desaturation reactions
In simple terms: Desaturases remove hydrogen atoms to introduce double bonds into fatty acid chains.
The hallmark of GO:0006636 is the introduction of double bonds by desaturases. These enzymes, such as FADS1 and FADS2 in mammals, catalyze oxygen- and electron-donor-dependent desaturation of fatty acyl chains. In microalgae, desaturases are key enzymes for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids, and their expression is regulated in response to environmental conditions. In bacteria, the fabAB operon encodes proteins involved in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, and its regulation by PsrA highlights transcriptional control of desaturation capacity.
Elongation and polyunsaturated fatty acid formation
In simple terms: Elongases lengthen the fatty acid chain to produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.
After desaturation, elongation steps catalyzed by ELOVL family enzymes extend the acyl chain, yielding long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. This process is essential for producing arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid precursors. In marine phytoplankton, fatty acid profiles and production reflect the combined activities of desaturases and elongases, which determine the diversity of unsaturated fatty acids in the food web. In cancer, the balance between desaturation and elongation can influence the availability of specific unsaturated fatty acid species that modulate immunity.
Trafficking and functional integration
In simple terms: Once made, unsaturated fatty acids are transported and used in membranes, signaling, or stored as lipids.
Newly synthesized unsaturated fatty acids are trafficked by fatty acid-binding proteins such as FABP5. In hepatocellular carcinoma, FABP5-positive lipid-loaded macrophages process tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acid signals to suppress T-cell antitumour immunity, demonstrating that trafficking is integral to the pathway's biological output. Unsaturated fatty acids can also be incorporated into liposomes or used to tune photosensitizer assembly for photodynamic therapy, showing that their downstream use can be engineered. In bovine granulosa cells, unsaturated fatty acids induce glucose uptake, linking their production to metabolic signaling.
Regulation and feedback
In simple terms: The pathway is turned up or down depending on the cell's needs and environment.
Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In Azotobacter vinelandii, PsrA positively regulates the fabAB operon, providing a bacterial model of pathway control. In cancer, hypoxia and acidosis create interdependent demands for unsaturated fatty acid resources, suggesting that oxygen and pH influence pathway activity. In microalgae, environmental cues modulate unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, which is a focus of biotechnological optimization. These regulatory layers ensure that unsaturated fatty acid production matches membrane and signaling requirements.
Key Genes Involved in GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
The following genes and proteins are experimentally implicated in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process or its downstream biology, based on the verified literature.
| Gene | Major Role | Research Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| FABP5 | Fatty acid-binding protein that traffics unsaturated fatty acids | Mediates tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acid signaling in macrophages to suppress T-cell immunity |
| FADS1 | Delta-5 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis | Desaturase enzyme central to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis |
| FADS2 | Delta-6 desaturase in polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis | Desaturase enzyme central to unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis |
| ELOVL family | Elongases that extend fatty acyl chains | Produce long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids |
| fabAB operon | Bacterial genes for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis | Positively regulated by PsrA in Azotobacter vinelandii |
| PsrA | Transcriptional regulator of fabAB | Controls unsaturated fatty acid synthesis operon in bacteria |
| GLUT10 | Glucose transporter involved in unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake | Links unsaturated fatty acids to aerobic glycolysis in bovine granulosa cells |
| Desaturases (general) | Introduce double bonds into fatty acids | Key enzymes for microalgal unsaturated fatty acid synthesis |
| Lipid peroxidation machinery | Oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids | Exploited for photodynamic therapy and ferroptosis |
| Marine phytoplankton enzymes | Produce diverse unsaturated fatty acids | Ecological and biogeochemical importance |
| Cancer cell lipid metabolism genes | Adapt to acid and hypoxia for unsaturated fatty acid use | Therapeutic vulnerability in tumours |
| Macrophage lipid handling genes | Process tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acids | Immune suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Ferroptosis regulators | Respond to unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes | Cancer therapy via ferroptosis |
| Photosensitizer assembly modulators | Tuned by unsaturated fatty acids | Enhanced photodynamic therapy |
| Granulosa cell metabolic genes | Mediate glucose uptake in response to unsaturated fatty acids | Reproductive and metabolic biology |
| Microalgal desaturase genes | Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids | Biotechnology and biofuel applications |
| Bacterial fab genes | Unsaturated fatty acid synthesis | Model for transcriptional regulation |
How Is unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Regulated?
Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process is regulated at multiple levels. In bacteria, the PsrA protein positively regulates the fabAB operon, which encodes enzymes for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, providing a clear example of transcriptional control. In microalgae, environmental conditions influence the expression and activity of desaturases and elongases, and research progress has focused on optimizing these regulatory circuits for biotechnology. In cancer, hypoxia and acidosis create interdependent demands for unsaturated fatty acid resources, implying that oxygen availability and pH regulate pathway activity or utilization. In bovine granulosa cells, saturated fatty acids inhibit unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis, indicating metabolic feedback between lipid species. Additionally, FABP5-mediated trafficking of unsaturated fatty acids in macrophages can modulate immune responses, suggesting that lipid-binding proteins regulate the pathway's functional impact.
unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process and Human Disease
| Gene | Disease / Biology | Potential Experimental Model |
|---|---|---|
| FABP5 | Hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion | Knockout of FABP5 in macrophages or cancer cells |
| FADS1/FADS2 | Polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in cancer and metabolic disease | Point mutation or knockout to alter desaturase activity |
| ELOVL family | Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production | Overexpression or knockout in cancer cell lines |
| GLUT10 | Unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake | Knockout in bovine granulosa cells or human cell models |
| Ferroptosis regulators | Ferroptosis-based cancer therapy | Knock-in of tagged regulators or overexpression |
Cancer immune evasion
Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process contributes to cancer immune evasion. In hepatocellular carcinoma, FABP5-positive lipid-loaded macrophages process tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acid signals to suppress T-cell antitumour immunity, directly linking this pathway to immune escape. Acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells are interdependent for unsaturated fatty acid resources, suggesting that tumours adapt to hostile microenvironments by sharing or competing for these lipids. These findings indicate that targeting unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis or trafficking could restore antitumour immunity.
Metabolic and reproductive disorders
Unsaturated fatty acids influence glucose metabolism. In bovine granulosa cells, unsaturated fatty acids induce glucose uptake, and saturated fatty acids inhibit this effect through mechanisms involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis. This crosstalk suggests that dysregulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis may contribute to metabolic and reproductive disorders, although direct human disease links require further study.
Ferroptosis and therapy resistance
Unsaturated fatty acids are substrates for lipid peroxidation, which is central to ferroptosis. Unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes can deliver piperine to deactivate defensive mechanisms and promote ferroptosis in cancer therapy. Unsaturated fatty acid-tuned assembly of photosensitizers enhances photodynamic therapy via lipid peroxidation. These studies show that the abundance of unsaturated fatty acids can determine sensitivity to oxidative cell death, with implications for therapy resistance.
From unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process-Related Genes to Experimental Models
| Research Question | Suitable Model |
|---|---|
| Is FABP5 required for unsaturated fatty acid-mediated T-cell suppression? | FABP5 knockout in macrophages or cancer cells |
| Do desaturase point mutations alter polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles? | FADS1/FADS2 point-mutation knock-in cell lines |
| Does PsrA regulation of fabAB affect unsaturated fatty acid synthesis? | Bacterial knockout or overexpression of PsrA |
| Can unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes enhance ferroptosis? | Knock-in or overexpression of ferroptosis regulators |
| Does GLUT10 mediate unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake? | GLUT10 knockout in granulosa or metabolic cell models |
| How does hypoxia affect unsaturated fatty acid resource sharing? | Hypoxia-adapted cancer cell lines with tagged lipid enzymes |
How to Study the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Process
| Method | What It Measures | Typical Application |
|---|---|---|
| Lipidomics (LC-MS) | Unsaturated fatty acid species and abundance | Profiling microalgal, cancer, and phytoplankton lipids |
| RNA-seq | Expression of desaturases, elongases, and regulators | Identifying pathway genes under different conditions |
| Co-culture assays | T-cell suppression by lipid-loaded macrophages | Cancer immunology studies |
| Glucose uptake assay | Cellular glucose uptake in response to unsaturated fatty acids | Metabolic and reproductive cell biology |
| Ferroptosis assay | Lipid peroxidation and cell death | Cancer therapy development |
| Photodynamic therapy imaging | Photosensitizer assembly and lipid peroxidation | Enhanced photodynamic therapy |
| Bacterial genetics | fabAB operon regulation by PsrA | Microbial unsaturated fatty acid synthesis |
| Fatty acid profiling | Diversity and production of fatty acids | Marine phytoplankton ecology |
Lipidomics and fatty acid profiling
Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics is the primary method to measure unsaturated fatty acid species produced by GO:0006636. Marine phytoplankton fatty acid profiles have been characterized to understand production dynamics. In microalgae, research progress on unsaturated fatty acid synthesis relies on profiling to quantify desaturation and elongation products. In cancer cells, lipidomic analysis can reveal how acid-exposed and hypoxic conditions alter unsaturated fatty acid resources.
Transcriptomics and gene expression analysis
RNA sequencing can quantify expression of desaturases, elongases, and regulatory factors such as PsrA. In Azotobacter vinelandii, the fabAB operon is positively regulated by PsrA, and expression studies are used to dissect this control. In microalgae, transcriptomic approaches help identify genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis under different conditions. In cancer, expression of FABP5 and related lipid-handling genes can be correlated with immune suppression.
Functional assays for immune and metabolic outcomes
Co-culture assays and glucose uptake measurements link unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis to cell behavior. FABP5-positive macrophages can be co-cultured with T cells to assess antitumour immunity. Bovine granulosa cells can be treated with unsaturated fatty acids to measure glucose uptake and glycolysis. Ferroptosis assays using unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes can evaluate cell death.
Imaging and lipid peroxidation detection
Fluorescent probes and imaging can visualize lipid peroxidation and unsaturated fatty acid distribution. Unsaturated fatty acid-tuned assembly of photosensitizers has been imaged to enhance photodynamic therapy. Lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis can be detected with fluorescent sensors after treatment with unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes. These methods provide spatial information about where unsaturated fatty acids act.
How CRISPR Can Be Used to Study GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
Knockout
CRISPR knockout is used to eliminate genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process and test causality. For example, knocking out FABP5 in macrophages or cancer cells can determine whether it is required for processing tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acids and suppressing T-cell immunity. Knocking out GLUT10 can test its role in unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake. Knockout of desaturases or elongases can reveal their contributions to specific lipid species.
Point Mutation
Point-mutation knock-in via CRISPR can model subtle changes in enzyme activity. For desaturases such as FADS1 and FADS2, point mutations can alter substrate specificity or catalytic efficiency, helping to dissect structure-function relationships in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. In bacterial models, point mutations in fabAB or PsrA can test regulatory interactions.
Knock-in
Knock-in of tags or reporters allows visualization and tracking of pathway components. Tagged FABP5 or desaturases can be used to monitor localization and trafficking of unsaturated fatty acids. Knock-in of ferroptosis regulators can help study lipid peroxidation induced by unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes.
Overexpression
Overexpression of desaturases, elongases, or FABP5 can increase unsaturated fatty acid production and reveal downstream effects. In microalgae, overexpression of biosynthetic genes is a strategy to enhance unsaturated fatty acid yields. In cancer cells, overexpression of FABP5 may amplify immune suppression. Overexpression of GLUT10 can test whether it enhances unsaturated fatty acid-induced glucose uptake.
How EDITGENE Supports unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process Research
Researchers studying unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process-related genes often need to determine whether a candidate gene is causally involved in lipid production, immune regulation, or metabolic signaling. Observational correlations from lipidomics or transcriptomics are not sufficient to establish mechanism. CRISPR-based models provide the necessary causal evidence by enabling precise knockout, point mutation, knock-in, and overexpression of target genes in relevant cell types.
Contact EDITGENE today to design your custom CRISPR model for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process research.
Frequently Asked Questions About unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
What is GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process?
GO:0006636 is a Gene Ontology biological process term defined as the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.
What genes are involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process?
Genes include FABP5, FADS1, FADS2, ELOVL family members, the bacterial fabAB operon, PsrA, and GLUT10, among others.
Why is unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis important in cancer?
Tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acids processed by FABP5-positive macrophages can suppress T-cell antitumour immunity, and acid-exposed or hypoxic cancer cells depend on unsaturated fatty acid resources.
How are unsaturated fatty acids synthesized?
They are synthesized by desaturation of saturated fatty acyl chains by desaturases, followed by elongation by elongases to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids.
What is the role of FABP5 in unsaturated fatty acid biology?
FABP5 is a fatty acid-binding protein that traffics unsaturated fatty acids and mediates tumour-derived unsaturated fatty acid signaling in macrophages to suppress T-cell immunity.
Can unsaturated fatty acids be used in cancer therapy?
Yes, unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes can deliver piperine to promote ferroptosis, and unsaturated fatty acid-tuned photosensitizers enhance photodynamic therapy.
How do unsaturated fatty acids affect glucose metabolism?
In bovine granulosa cells, unsaturated fatty acids induce glucose uptake involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis, while saturated fatty acids inhibit this effect.
What model organisms are used to study unsaturated fatty acid synthesis?
Microalgae, marine phytoplankton, Azotobacter vinelandii, bovine granulosa cells, and human cancer cell lines are used.
What CRISPR models are available for unsaturated fatty acid research?
Knockout, point-mutation, knock-in, and overexpression models can be generated for genes such as FABP5, FADS1, FADS2, ELOVLs, and GLUT10.
How is unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process regulated?
It is regulated transcriptionally, for example by PsrA in bacteria, and by environmental factors such as hypoxia and acidosis in cancer, as well as metabolic feedback.
Conclusion
GO:0006636 unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process is a central metabolic pathway that produces fatty acids with one or more double bonds, influencing membrane biology, immunity, and metabolism. Research has linked this pathway to cancer immune evasion, metabolic crosstalk, and therapeutic strategies such as ferroptosis and photodynamic therapy. Understanding its genes and regulation requires causal experimental models. CRISPR-based knockout, point-mutation, knock-in, and overexpression approaches, combined with lipidomics and functional assays, provide the tools needed to dissect this pathway and translate findings into new therapies.
References
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- 2. Głowacka K et al.. 2024. Acid-exposed and hypoxic cancer cells do not overlap but are interdependent for unsaturated fatty acid resources.. Nat Commun 15(1):10107 PMID: 39572570
- 3. Ren X et al.. 2025. Research progress on unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in microalgae.. Biotechnol Lett 48(1):16 PMID: 41422452
- 4. Velázquez-Sánchez C et al.. 2021. PsrA positively regulates the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis operon fabAB in Azotobacter vinelandii.. Microbiol Res 249:126775 PMID: 33964629
- 5. Hou Y et al.. 2021. Unsaturated fatty acid-tuned assembly of photosensitizers for enhanced photodynamic therapy via lipid peroxidation.. J Control Release 334:213-223 PMID: 33894305
- 6. Tao X et al.. 2024. Saturated fatty acids inhibit unsaturated fatty acid induced glucose uptake involving GLUT10 and aerobic glycolysis in bovine granulosa cells.. Sci Rep 14(1):9888 PMID: 38688953
- 7. Wong KH et al.. 2025. Unsaturated fatty acid-doped liposomes deliver piperine to deactivate defensive mechanism for ferroptosis in cancer therapy.. J Control Release 382:113656 PMID: 40122242
- 8. Jónasdóttir SH. 2019. Fatty Acid Profiles and Production in Marine Phytoplankton.. Mar Drugs 17(3) PMID: 30836652
