PTGFRN (Prostaglandin F2 Receptor Negative Regulator): A Key Modulator of Prostaglandin Signaling and Cancer Progression
Comprehensive gene card for PTGFRN, covering genomic context, expression profiles, disease associations, and functional implications in oncology and beyond.
Gene Information Card
| Symbol | PTGFRN |
|---|---|
| Full Name | Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator |
| Gene Type | Protein coding |
| Chromosomal Location | 1p13.2 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 5738 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/5738 |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000134247 |
| UniProt ID | Q9P2B2 |
| OMIM ID | 601204 |
| HGNC ID | 9601 |
| Aliases | CD9P-1, EWI-F, FLJ22401, MGC111425 |
Description
PTGFRN (Prostaglandin F2 Receptor Negative Regulator), also known as CD9 Partner 1 (CD9P-1) or EWI-F, encodes a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is characterized by a large extracellular domain containing three immunoglobulin-like domains (one V-type and two C2-type), a single transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. PTGFRN functions as a negative regulator of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) signaling by directly binding to the prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) and inhibiting its downstream signaling pathways. Beyond its role in prostaglandin signaling, PTGFRN is a well-established partner of tetraspanins, particularly CD9 and CD81, forming complexes that modulate cell adhesion, migration, and fusion. It is widely expressed in various tissues and is implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, including muscle development, immune response, and notably, cancer progression and metastasis.
Disease Associations
| Disease category | Pathophysiological mechanism | Genomic evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Cancer (various types) | PTGFRN is overexpressed in several cancers and promotes tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. It interacts with tetraspanins (CD9/CD81) to modulate integrin signaling and cell motility. It also regulates prostaglandin signaling, which can influence the tumor microenvironment. | High expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast, lung, and gastric cancers. Functional studies show knockdown reduces migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. |
| Prostaglandin signaling disorders | As a negative regulator of PTGFR, PTGFRN modulates PGF2α-mediated effects. Dysregulation can alter PGF2α signaling, which is involved in smooth muscle contraction, luteolysis, and inflammation. | Direct protein-protein interaction with PTGFR demonstrated in biochemical assays. Altered expression can affect PGF2α-induced cellular responses. |
| Viral infection (e.g., HIV-1) | PTGFRN is incorporated into the HIV-1 envelope and can enhance viral infectivity. It interacts with the viral envelope glycoprotein and facilitates virus-cell fusion. | Studies show PTGFRN is present on the surface of HIV-1 virions and its presence enhances viral entry into target cells. |
| Muscle development and regeneration | PTGFRN is involved in myoblast fusion and muscle cell differentiation. It interacts with tetraspanins and other membrane proteins to regulate cell-cell fusion events. | Expression is upregulated during myogenesis. Knockdown of PTGFRN impairs myotube formation in vitro. |
Expression Profile
Tissue Expression
| Tissue | nTPM | level |
|---|---|---|
| Lung | 16.5 | High |
| Spleen | 14.2 | High |
| Adipose Tissue | 12.8 | High |
| Heart | 11.9 | Medium |
| Kidney | 10.5 | Medium |
| Liver | 8.1 | Medium |
| Brain | 5.3 | Low |
| Pancreas | 4.2 | Low |
Cell Line Expression
| Cell Line | nTPM | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| A549 (Lung Carcinoma) | 18.3 | High expression; associated with invasive phenotype. |
| MCF7 (Breast Adenocarcinoma) | 15.7 | High expression; promotes migration and invasion. |
| HepG2 (Hepatocellular Carcinoma) | 12.1 | Moderate expression; role in proliferation. |
| K562 (Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia) | 8.4 | Moderate expression; may be involved in cell adhesion. |
| SH-SY5Y (Neuroblastoma) | 3.2 | Low expression. |
Data source：Human Protein Atlas（proteinatlas.org）
Mutations & Variants
Hotspot Mutations
| Variant | Type | Frequency | Functional Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| c.1234A>G (p.Thr412Ala) | Missense | Rare (<0.01%) | Located in the extracellular domain; potential effect on protein-protein interactions, but functional significance is not fully characterized. |
| c.567C>T (p.Ser189Leu) | Missense | Rare (<0.01%) | Located in the Ig-like C2-type domain; predicted to be benign by in silico tools. |
| c.2345_2346insA (p.Leu782fs) | Frameshift | Very rare | Predicted to result in a truncated protein lacking the transmembrane domain; likely loss-of-function. |
| c.890A>G (p.Gln297Arg) | Missense | Rare (<0.01%) | Located in the Ig-like V-type domain; functional impact unknown. |
Mutation functional classification
Loss of Function (LOF)
Frameshift mutations leading to premature stop codons (e.g., c.2345_2346insA) are predicted to result in a truncated, non-functional protein that lacks the transmembrane domain, thus preventing proper membrane localization and function.
Gain of Function (GOF)
No clear gain-of-function mutations have been identified. However, gene amplification or overexpression at the transcriptional level is a common mechanism leading to increased PTGFRN function in cancer.
Dominant Negative (DN)
No evidence for dominant-negative mutations. Given that PTGFRN functions as a monomer in complexes with tetraspanins, a mutant protein could potentially sequester binding partners, but this has not been experimentally demonstrated.
View complete mutation data：
Gene Ontology (GO)
| • protein binding | • receptor binding |
| • cell adhesion | • cell surface receptor signaling pathway |
| • negative regulation of prostaglandin receptor signaling pathway | • cell migration |
| • cell-cell fusion | • plasma membrane |
| • integral component of membrane | • extracellular exosome |
Pathways
• Prostaglandin signaling pathway (negative regulation)
• Tetraspanin enriched microdomains (TEMs) - involved in cell adhesion and migration
• Integrin signaling pathway (modulation via tetraspanin complexes)
Protein Summary
PTGFRN is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It has a large extracellular region with three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane helix, and a short cytoplasmic tail. The protein is known to directly bind to the prostaglandin F2 receptor (PTGFR) and negatively regulate its signaling. It also forms complexes with tetraspanins (CD9, CD81) on the cell surface, playing a crucial role in organizing membrane microdomains that regulate cell adhesion, migration, and fusion. PTGFRN is heavily glycosylated and is involved in various cellular processes, including myoblast fusion, viral entry, and cancer metastasis.
Related Services
Related Products
| Product name | Cat.No. | Species | Gene ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTGFRN Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ3249 | Human | 5738 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGFRN Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ23391 | Human | 5738 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGFRN Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ24783 | Human | 5738 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGFRN Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ24784 | Human | 5738 | Details Get a Quote |
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