PTGES (Prostaglandin E Synthase): Function, Pathology, and Clinical Relevance
A comprehensive biomedical overview of the PTGES gene, its protein product, expression patterns, disease associations, and mutations.
Gene Information Card
| Symbol | PTGES |
|---|---|
| Full Name | Prostaglandin E Synthase |
| Gene Type | Protein coding |
| Chromosomal Location | 9q34.11 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 9536 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/9536 |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000148344 |
| UniProt ID | O14684 |
| OMIM ID | 605172 |
| HGNC ID | 9599 |
| Aliases | PGES, MGST-IV, MGST1L1, PP102, PIG12, TP53I12 |
Description
PTGES (prostaglandin E synthase) encodes a glutathione-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key mediator of inflammation, pain, and fever. The protein is a member of the MAPEG (membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism) superfamily and is induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli. PTGES is overexpressed in various cancers and inflammatory diseases, making it a potential therapeutic target.
Disease Associations
| Disease category | Pathophysiological mechanism | Genomic evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Colorectal cancer | Overexpression of PTGES leads to increased PGE2 production, promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. | Multiple studies show elevated PTGES mRNA and protein in colorectal tumors compared to normal tissue (e.g., Yoshimatsu et al., 2001; reviewed in Samuelsson et al., 2007). |
| Non-small cell lung cancer | PTGES upregulation contributes to PGE2-mediated immune suppression and tumor progression. | Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR demonstrate high PTGES expression in NSCLC tissues (e.g., Yoshimatsu et al., 2001). |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | PTGES is induced by cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) in synovial fibroblasts, leading to elevated PGE2 and joint inflammation. | Expression confirmed in synovial tissue from RA patients (e.g., Westman et al., 2004). |
| Atherosclerosis | PTGES in macrophages and smooth muscle cells promotes PGE2 synthesis, contributing to plaque inflammation. | Detected in human atherosclerotic lesions (e.g., Cipollone et al., 2004). |
| Pain and fever | PTGES-derived PGE2 acts on EP receptors in the hypothalamus and peripheral nociceptors to induce fever and hyperalgesia. | Pharmacological inhibition of PTGES reduces pain and fever in animal models (e.g., Engblom et al., 2003). |
Expression Profile
Tissue Expression
| Tissue | nTPM | level |
|---|---|---|
| Lung | 12.3 | Medium |
| Colon | 8.5 | Low |
| Kidney | 7.2 | Low |
| Spleen | 6.8 | Low |
| Brain | 4.1 | Low |
| Liver | 2.0 | Not detected |
Cell Line Expression
| Cell Line | nTPM | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| A549 (lung carcinoma) | 15.2 | High expression; induced by IL-1β |
| HeLa (cervical carcinoma) | 10.5 | Moderate expression |
| MCF7 (breast carcinoma) | 8.3 | Low expression |
| HCT116 (colorectal carcinoma) | 12.0 | High expression |
| THP-1 (monocytic leukemia) | 5.6 | Low basal; induced by LPS |
Data source：Human Protein Atlas（proteinatlas.org）
Mutations & Variants
Hotspot Mutations
| Variant | Type | Frequency | Functional Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| c.1A>G (p.Met1Val) | Missense | Rare (MAF <0.01%) | Potential loss of start codon; functional impact unknown |
| c.253C>T (p.Arg85Cys) | Missense | Rare (MAF <0.01%) | May affect enzyme activity; not characterized |
| c.358G>A (p.Gly120Ser) | Missense | Rare (MAF <0.01%) | Potential structural change; functional impact unknown |
| c.407C>T (p.Pro136Leu) | Missense | Rare (MAF <0.01%) | May alter protein stability; not characterized |
Mutation functional classification
Loss of Function (LOF)
No confirmed loss-of-function mutations have been reported in PTGES. However, rare missense variants may theoretically reduce enzyme activity, but none have been functionally validated.
Gain of Function (GOF)
No gain-of-function mutations have been described. Overexpression is primarily due to transcriptional upregulation, not mutation.
Dominant Negative (DN)
No dominant-negative mutations have been reported.
View complete mutation data：
Gene Ontology (GO)
| • Prostaglandin-E synthase activity | • Glutathione transferase activity |
| • Prostaglandin biosynthetic process | • Inflammatory response |
| • Response to lipopolysaccharide | • Cytosol |
| • Microsomal membrane | • Integral component of membrane |
Pathways
• Arachidonic acid metabolism
• Prostaglandin synthesis and regulation
• COX-2/PGE2 pathway
• IL-17 signaling pathway
• TNF signaling pathway
Protein Summary
PTGES is a 16 kDa membrane-associated protein localized to the microsomal membrane. It functions as a homotrimer and requires glutathione as a cofactor. The enzyme is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors via transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1. PTGES is the terminal enzyme in PGE2 biosynthesis, acting downstream of COX-1/COX-2. Its expression is low in most normal tissues but is markedly upregulated in inflamed tissues and many cancers. PTGES is considered a promising target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapies, with selective inhibitors under development.
Related Services
Related Products
| Product name | Cat.No. | Species | Gene ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTGES Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ3248 | Human | 9536 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES2 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ9461 | Human | 80142 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3L Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ14954 | Human | 100885848 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES2 Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ36159 | Human | 80142 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES2 Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ36160 | Human | 80142 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3L Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ44159 | Human | 100885848 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ24779 | Human | 9536 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ24780 | Human | 9536 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ24781 | Human | 9536 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES2 Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ34912 | Human | 80142 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3L Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ45416 | Human | 100885848 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3L Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ45417 | Human | 100885848 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ51003 | Human | 10728 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3L-AARSD1 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ52517 | Human | 100885850 | Details Get a Quote |
| PTGES3 Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ55472 | Human | 10728 | Details Get a Quote |
Displaying Records 1 To 15 Of 20 Records
