STING1 Gene: Function, Mutations, and Disease Associations | Biomedical Resource

STING1 (Stimulator of Interferon Response cGAMP Interactor 1), previously known as TMEM173, encodes STING, a key adaptor protein in the innate immune system. STING is located on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and acts as a cytosolic DNA sensor. Upon binding cyclic dinucleotides (such as cGAMP produced by cGAS), STING undergoes conformational changes, translocates to the Golgi, and activates TBK1 and IRF3, leading to type I interferon production and pro-inflammatory cytokines. STING1 is critical for defense against viral and bacterial infections, and its dysregulation is linked to autoinflammatory diseases and cancer.

Tissue Expression

Cell Line Expression

Hotspot Mutations

Mutation functional classification

• cGAS-STING signaling pathway

• Cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway

• Innate Immune System

• Type I interferon production

• NF-kappaB signaling

• Autophagy

STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) is a 42 kDa transmembrane protein with an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, four transmembrane helices, and a C-terminal domain that binds cyclic dinucleotides. It resides primarily on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Upon activation by cGAMP, STING undergoes a conformational change, oligomerizes, and translocates to the Golgi apparatus, where it recruits TBK1 and IRF3, leading to phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3 to induce type I interferons. STING also activates NF-κB via IKK. Its activity is tightly regulated by post-translational modifications (e.g., ubiquitination, phosphorylation) and interactions with proteins like TRIM32, TRIM56, and AMFR. STING is a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy and vaccine adjuvants.