FPR1 Gene: Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 - Function, Disease Associations, and Expression
A comprehensive biomedical overview of FPR1, a G protein-coupled receptor involved in innate immunity and inflammation.
Gene Information Card
| Symbol | FPR1 |
|---|---|
| Full Name | Formyl peptide receptor 1 |
| Gene Type | protein coding |
| Chromosomal Location | 19q13.41 |
| NCBI Gene ID | 2357 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2357 |
| Ensembl ID | ENSG00000171051 |
| UniProt ID | P21462 |
| OMIM ID | 136537 |
| HGNC ID | 3826 |
| Aliases | FMLP, FPR, FMLP receptor, N-formyl peptide receptor |
Description
FPR1 encodes the formyl peptide receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds N-formyl peptides, such as fMLP (N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine), which are derived from bacterial proteins and mitochondrial debris. Activation of FPR1 triggers intracellular signaling cascades that lead to neutrophil chemotaxis, degranulation, and superoxide production, playing a critical role in innate immune responses and inflammation. FPR1 is also implicated in various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders.
Disease Associations
| Disease category | Pathophysiological mechanism | Genomic evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Periodontitis | FPR1 polymorphisms may alter neutrophil function, affecting host defense against periodontal pathogens. | ClinVar, PubMed (PMID: 23447614) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | FPR1 expression is increased in lung tissue, potentially contributing to neutrophilic inflammation. | PubMed (PMID: 23349009) |
| Gastric cancer | FPR1 expression is elevated in gastric cancer tissues and may promote tumor progression via NF-κB signaling. | PubMed (PMID: 25319525) |
| Sepsis | FPR1 mediates the inflammatory response to bacterial infection; dysregulation may contribute to sepsis pathology. | PubMed (PMID: 21536850) |
| Alzheimer's disease | FPR1 is involved in amyloid-beta peptide clearance and neuroinflammation, potentially affecting disease progression. | PubMed (PMID: 19196497) |
Expression Profile
Tissue Expression
| Tissue | nTPM | level |
|---|---|---|
| Bone Marrow | High | High expression in myeloid cells |
| Blood | High | High expression in neutrophils and monocytes |
| Spleen | Moderate | Moderate expression in immune cells |
| Lung | Low | Low expression in alveolar macrophages |
| Liver | Low | Low expression in Kupffer cells |
Cell Line Expression
| Cell Line | nTPM | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia) | High | Differentiation to neutrophils increases FPR1 expression |
| THP-1 (monocytic leukemia) | Moderate | Expression increases upon differentiation to macrophages |
| U937 (histiocytic lymphoma) | Moderate | Expression in monocytic cells |
| Jurkat (T cell leukemia) | Low | Minimal expression in T cells |
| HeLa (cervical carcinoma) | Low | Low expression in epithelial cells |
Data source：Human Protein Atlas（proteinatlas.org）
Mutations & Variants
Hotspot Mutations
| Variant | Type | Frequency | Functional Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| c.32C>T (p.Thr11Met) | Missense | Rare | May affect receptor function; associated with altered neutrophil responses |
| c.190C>T (p.Arg64Trp) | Missense | Rare | Potential impact on ligand binding |
| c.301G>A (p.Val101Ile) | Missense | Rare | Unknown functional effect |
| c.1037A>G (p.Asn346Ser) | Missense | Rare | May alter G protein coupling |
Mutation functional classification
Loss of Function (LOF)
Certain missense mutations (e.g., p.Thr11Met) may impair receptor signaling, leading to reduced neutrophil chemotaxis and bacterial clearance.
Gain of Function (GOF)
No clear gain-of-function mutations have been reported; however, overexpression of wild-type FPR1 can enhance inflammatory responses.
Dominant Negative (DN)
No dominant-negative mutations have been documented for FPR1.
View complete mutation data：
Gene Ontology (GO)
| • G protein-coupled receptor activity | • N-formyl peptide receptor activity |
| • signal transduction | • neutrophil chemotaxis |
| • inflammatory response | • cell surface receptor signaling pathway |
| • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration | • superoxide anion generation |
Pathways
• Chemokine signaling pathway
• Innate immune system
• Neutrophil degranulation
• fMLP signaling pathway
• G alpha i signaling events
Protein Summary
FPR1 is a 350-amino acid, seven-transmembrane GPCR that couples to pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins (Gi/Go). Upon ligand binding, it activates phospholipase C, leading to inositol trisphosphate production and intracellular calcium mobilization. This triggers downstream effectors such as protein kinase C, MAP kinases, and PI3K, resulting in actin polymerization, chemotaxis, and respiratory burst. FPR1 also interacts with β-arrestins, leading to receptor desensitization and internalization. The receptor is predominantly expressed on neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, and plays a key role in host defense and inflammation.
Related Services
Related Products
| Product name | Cat.No. | Species | Gene ID | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fpr1 Knockout RAW 264.7 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ61 | Mouse | 14293 | Details Get a Quote |
| FPR1 Knockout HEK293 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ1288 | Human | 2357 | Details Get a Quote |
| FPR1 Knockout HeLa Cell Line | EDJ-KQ53263 | Human | 2357 | Details Get a Quote |
| FPR1 Knockout A-549 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ61746 | Human | 2357 | Details Get a Quote |
| FPR1 Knockout HCT 116 Cell Line | EDJ-KQ70231 | Human | 2357 | Details Get a Quote |
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