GO:0006796 phosphate-containing compound metabolic process: Phosphate Homeostasis, Genes, Functions and Research Methods
Research-grade guide for scientists and biopharma professionals
Key Takeaways
• GO:0006796 (phosphate-containing compound metabolic process) describes all chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
• This term covers phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, phosphate ester and anhydride metabolism, and the liberation or assimilation of inorganic phosphate (Pi).
• Enzymes such as alkaline phosphatases (ALP), protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and FIC proteins are central to phosphate-containing compound metabolism.
• Dysregulation of phosphate metabolism contributes to orthopedic mineralization disorders, urinary stone formation, and bacterial nutrient acquisition strategies.
• Phosphate-containing compounds are also targets for biosensing and bioelectronic applications, as shown by organic electrochemical transistor detection of acetylcholine.
• CRISPR knockout, point-mutation, knock-in, and overexpression models enable causal dissection of genes within GO:0006796.
Description
Phosphate-containing compound metabolic process (GO:0006796) is a broad biological_process term that encompasses the chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, defined as the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. This ontology term captures a vast array of biochemical transformations, including the formation and cleavage of phosphate esters, phosphoanhydride bonds, and phosphoramidate linkages, as well as the interconversion between organic and inorganic phosphate pools. Because phosphate groups are central to energy currency (ATP), signal transduction (protein phosphorylation), and structural integrity (bone mineral), GO:0006796 sits at the intersection of metabolism, signaling, and physiology. Researchers study GO:0006796 to understand how cells acquire, store, and utilize phosphate, and how disruptions in these pathways lead to disease. For example, alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate esters and are clinically relevant in liver, bone, and placental disorders. Protein phosphorylation, a key subprocess within GO:0006796, is reversibly controlled by kinases and phosphatases and is a major mechanism for cellular regulation. In bacteria, the ability to liberate inorganic phosphate from organophosphates is critical for survival in phosphate-limiting environments, highlighting the evolutionary importance of this metabolic process. From a methodological standpoint, GO:0006796 is interrogated using biochemical assays, genetic screens, and advanced omics technologies. The term also has practical implications in biomaterials and biosensing, where phosphate-containing compounds participate in mineralization and electrochemical detection schemes. This article provides a research-grade overview of GO:0006796, its definition, core mechanisms, key genes, disease links, and experimental models, with a focus on CRISPR-based approaches for functional validation.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process At A Glance
| GO ID | GO:0006796 |
|---|---|
| GO term | phosphate-containing compound metabolic process |
| Ontology | biological_process |
| Synonym | phosphate metabolic process; phosphate metabolism |
| Definition | The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. |
| Major function | Metabolism of phosphate esters, anhydrides, and inorganic phosphate; includes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. |
| Related enzymes | Alkaline phosphatases, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, FIC proteins. |
| Disease relevance | Orthopedic mineralization, urinary stones, bacterial virulence, and metabolic disorders. |
| Research methods | Biochemical assays, CRISPR screens, phosphoproteomics, biosensing. |
What Is GO:0006796?
GO:0006796, phosphate-containing compound metabolic process, is defined by QuickGO as the chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. In practice, this includes any enzymatic or non-enzymatic transformation that consumes, produces, or modifies a phosphate-containing molecule, such as phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, phosphorolysis, and phosphate ester hydrolysis. The term is a biological_process and has synonyms phosphate metabolic process and phosphate metabolism.
Why Is phosphate-containing compound metabolic process Important in Cell Biology?
GO:0006796 is fundamentally important because phosphate-containing compounds are ubiquitous in biology, serving as energy carriers, signaling molecules, and structural components. The reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a master regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes, and its dysregulation is implicated in cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic diseases. Inorganic phosphate homeostasis is critical for skeletal health, and imbalances contribute to orthopedic disorders and ectopic mineralization. In infectious disease, bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus rely on phosphate acquisition pathways to survive in host environments. Furthermore, phosphate metabolism is a target for drug development, with alkaline phosphatase inhibitors being explored for various diseases. Understanding GO:0006796 therefore has broad implications for basic biology, medicine, and biotechnology.
• Protein phosphorylation, a subprocess of GO:0006796, controls nearly every cellular signaling pathway.
• Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes are diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in liver, bone, and placental diseases.
• Phosphate homeostasis is essential for bone mineralization; magnesium-based bioceramics influence phosphate metabolism in orthopedic applications.
• Urinary pH and phosphate stone formation are directly linked to phosphate-containing compound metabolism.
• Bacterial pathogens like S. aureus preferentially liberate inorganic phosphate from organophosphates when phosphate is limiting.
• FIC proteins modulate phosphate metabolism in bacteria and humans, affecting host-pathogen interactions.
• Phosphate-containing compounds are used in biosensing, e.g., acetylcholine detection via organic electrochemical transistors.
• Zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes can monitor or inhibit protein phosphorylation events, providing chemical tools for research.
• Dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria can produce biovivianite, a phosphate mineral, with implications for bioremediation.
• CRISPR-based models allow precise manipulation of genes in GO:0006796 for functional studies.
What Happens During phosphate-containing compound metabolic process?
Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
In simple terms: Cells add or remove phosphate groups to proteins and other molecules, like flipping switches to control activity.
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate, typically catalyzed by protein kinases, while dephosphorylation is the removal of a phosphate group by protein phosphatases. These reversible modifications are central to signal transduction and metabolic regulation. For example, zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes have been used as tools to monitor and inhibit protein phosphorylation events, underscoring the importance of metal ions in these processes. Alkaline phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate and an alcohol, and are key enzymes in phosphate metabolism.
Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis and Inorganic Phosphate Liberation
In simple terms: Enzymes break down phosphate-containing molecules to release free phosphate, which cells can reuse.
Many organisms, including bacteria, liberate inorganic phosphate (Pi) from organophosphates when environmental phosphate is scarce. Staphylococcus aureus preferentially liberates Pi from organophosphates in phosphate-limiting environments, a strategy that supports its survival and virulence. Alkaline phosphatases are classic enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters, and their isoenzymes are found in diverse tissues, where they participate in phosphate metabolism and are targets for inhibitors. FIC proteins, which are conserved from bacteria to humans, can modify phosphate-containing nucleotides and proteins, further expanding the repertoire of phosphate metabolism.
Phosphate Mineralization and Biomineralization
In simple terms: Phosphate can combine with minerals to form hard tissues like bone or minerals in the environment.
Phosphate-containing compounds are essential for biomineralization. Magnesium-based bioceramics in orthopedic applications influence phosphate metabolism and promote bone regeneration by modulating local phosphate concentrations. In environmental settings, dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria can produce biovivianite, an iron-phosphate mineral, through phosphate metabolism, with implications for bioremediation and phosphorus cycling. These processes highlight the intersection of GO:0006796 with materials science and geobiology.
Phosphate Sensing and Biosensing
In simple terms: Synthetic devices can detect phosphate-containing molecules for medical and environmental monitoring.
Phosphate-containing compounds can be detected using electrochemical transistors. For instance, PEDOT-polyamine organic electrochemical transistors have been used to transduce amine-phosphate supramolecular interactions and biosense acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. This application demonstrates how phosphate metabolism principles can be harnessed for sensor development. Additionally, urinary pH and stone formation are influenced by phosphate metabolism, and understanding these processes aids in diagnosing and managing kidney stones.
Regulation of Phosphate Homeostasis
In simple terms: Cells tightly control phosphate levels through hormones and transporters to avoid toxicity or deficiency.
Phosphate homeostasis is regulated at the organismal level by hormones such as parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23, which act on the kidney and intestine. At the cellular level, phosphate transporters and enzymes like alkaline phosphatases maintain intracellular phosphate pools. In bacteria, phosphate-sensing systems regulate the expression of genes involved in phosphate acquisition, as seen in S. aureus. Disruption of these regulatory networks can lead to diseases such as urinary stones, where urinary pH and phosphate concentration are critical factors.
Key Genes Involved in GO:0006796 phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The following genes and proteins are representative of the diverse molecular players involved in phosphate-containing compound metabolic process (GO:0006796), based on published literature.
| Gene | Major Role | Research Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| ALPL | Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase; hydrolyzes phosphate esters | Hypophosphatasia, bone mineralization, inhibitor development |
| ALPP | Placental alkaline phosphatase | Pregnancy monitoring, cancer biomarker |
| ALPI | Intestinal alkaline phosphatase | Gut homeostasis, phosphate absorption |
| ALPPL2 | Alkaline phosphatase, placental-like 2 | Germ cell tumors, testicular cancer |
| FICD | FIC domain-containing protein; AMPylates proteins | ER stress, bacterial pathogenesis |
| PTPN1 | Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; dephosphorylates insulin receptor | Diabetes, obesity, drug target |
| PTPN11 | Protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 | Noonan syndrome, leukemia |
| PRKACA | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha | Cushing syndrome, kinase inhibitor studies |
| PRKACB | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta | Signaling, phosphorylation |
| PHOSPHO1 | Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase | Bone mineralization |
| ENPP1 | Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 | Mineralization disorders, insulin resistance |
| ANKH | Progressive ankylosis protein; regulates pyrophosphate | Crystal deposition, arthritis |
| SLC20A1 | Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 | Phosphate homeostasis |
| SLC34A1 | Sodium-phosphate cotransporter 2A | Renal phosphate reabsorption |
| PPA1 | Inorganic pyrophosphatase 1 | Phosphate metabolism, energy |
| PPA2 | Inorganic pyrophosphatase 2 | Mitochondrial phosphate metabolism |
| ACP1 | Acid phosphatase 1 | Protein tyrosine phosphatase, metabolism |
| ACP5 | Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase | Bone resorption, osteopontin |
How Is phosphate-containing compound metabolic process Regulated?
The regulation of phosphate-containing compound metabolic process (GO:0006796) occurs at multiple levels. At the organismal level, hormones such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) control renal phosphate reabsorption and intestinal absorption, maintaining serum phosphate within a narrow range. At the cellular level, protein kinases and phosphatases are themselves regulated by second messengers, phosphorylation cascades, and subcellular localization. For example, cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is activated by cAMP and phosphorylates numerous substrates, while protein phosphatases such as PTPN1 and PTPN11 counteract kinase activity. In bacteria, phosphate-sensing two-component systems regulate the expression of phosphatases and transporters in response to phosphate availability, as demonstrated in Staphylococcus aureus. Alkaline phosphatase activity is also regulated by metal ions and pH, and its isoenzymes are differentially expressed in tissues. Additionally, FIC proteins can be regulated by auto-AMPylation and by interactions with host factors, influencing phosphate metabolism during infection.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process and Human Disease
| Gene | Disease / Biology | Potential Experimental Model |
|---|---|---|
| ALPL | Hypophosphatasia; defective bone mineralization | Knockout mouse, point-mutation knock-in of patient variants |
| ENPP1 | Generalized arterial calcification of infancy; ectopic mineralization | Knockout and knock-in models in mice or cell lines |
| PTPN11 | Noonan syndrome; juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia | Point-mutation knock-in (e.g., D61Y) in hematopoietic cells |
| FICD | ER stress; bacterial pathogenesis | Knockout and overexpression in mammalian cells |
| SLC34A1 | Renal phosphate wasting; nephrolithiasis | Knockout mouse, overexpression in kidney cell lines |
Phosphate Metabolism in Orthopedic and Mineralization Disorders
Dysregulation of phosphate-containing compound metabolism contributes to orthopedic conditions. Magnesium-based bioceramics are used in orthopedic applications and can influence phosphate metabolism, promoting bone regeneration or affecting mineralization. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes are critical for bone mineralization; deficiency of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) causes hypophosphatasia, a rare inherited disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization. ENPP1 and ANKH regulate pyrophosphate levels, and mutations in these genes lead to ectopic mineralization disorders such as generalized arterial calcification of infancy and craniometaphyseal dysplasia. These examples illustrate the clinical importance of phosphate metabolism in skeletal health.
Urinary Stones and Renal Phosphate Handling
Urinary pH and phosphate concentration are key determinants of kidney stone formation. Wagner et al. (2010) reviewed how urinary pH affects stone formation, with phosphate stones (e.g., brushite, struvite) forming under specific pH conditions. Phosphate metabolism in the kidney involves transporters such as SLC34A1 and SLC20A1, which regulate phosphate reabsorption. Disruptions in these pathways can lead to hyperphosphaturia and stone disease. Understanding the metabolic processes of phosphate-containing compounds is therefore essential for nephrology research.
Bacterial Pathogenesis and Phosphate Acquisition
Bacterial pathogens must acquire phosphate from host environments, and GO:0006796 plays a central role. Staphylococcus aureus preferentially liberates inorganic phosphate from organophosphates when phosphate is limiting, a strategy that supports its survival and virulence. FIC proteins, which are conserved from bacteria to humans, can modulate host cell signaling by AMPylating proteins, thereby affecting phosphate metabolism and immune responses. These mechanisms highlight potential targets for antibacterial therapy.
Phosphate Metabolism in Cancer and Signaling
Protein phosphorylation, a major subprocess of GO:0006796, is frequently dysregulated in cancer. Protein tyrosine phosphatases such as PTPN1 and PTPN11 are involved in oncogenic signaling; PTPN11 mutations cause Noonan syndrome and are found in leukemias. Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, particularly ALPP and ALPPL2, are expressed in certain cancers and serve as biomarkers. Zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes that inhibit phosphorylation events are being explored as anticancer agents. Thus, targeting phosphate metabolism is a promising therapeutic strategy in oncology.
From phosphate-containing compound metabolic process-Related Genes to Experimental Models
| Research Question | Suitable Model |
|---|---|
| Does loss of ALPL affect bone mineralization? | ALPL knockout in osteoblast cell lines or mouse models |
| Does a specific point mutation in PTPN11 alter phosphatase activity? | Point-mutation knock-in (e.g., D61Y) in cell lines |
| Can overexpression of FICD modulate ER stress? | Overexpression of FICD in HEK293 or HeLa cells |
| What is the role of SLC34A1 in phosphate transport? | Knockout and knock-in of SLC34A1 in renal epithelial cells |
| Does ANKH mutation lead to crystal deposition? | Knock-in of ANKH mutations in chondrocytes |
| Can CRISPR screening identify new regulators of phosphate metabolism? | Genome-wide CRISPR knockout library in phosphate-sensitive cells |
How to Study the phosphate-containing compound metabolic process Process
| Method | What It Measures | Typical Application |
|---|---|---|
| Alkaline phosphatase activity assay | Enzyme activity using pNPP | Screening inhibitors, diagnosing hypophosphatasia |
| Phosphoproteomics (LC-MS/MS) | Global phosphorylation sites | Signaling pathway analysis, biomarker discovery |
| CRISPR knockout screen | Gene essentiality in phosphate stress | Identifying novel regulators of phosphate metabolism |
| CRISPR activation screen | Gene overexpression effects | Gain-of-function studies in phosphate metabolism |
| Electrochemical transistor biosensor | Phosphate-containing analyte concentration | Acetylcholine detection, point-of-care diagnostics |
| Malachite green assay | Inorganic phosphate release | Phosphatase kinetics, enzyme assays |
| Western blot with phospho-antibodies | Specific protein phosphorylation | Validating kinase/phosphatase activity |
| Biovivianite production assay | Iron-phosphate mineral formation | Bioremediation, microbial phosphate metabolism |
Biochemical Assays for Phosphate Metabolism
Classic biochemical assays measure alkaline phosphatase activity using chromogenic substrates such as p-nitrophenyl phosphate, releasing p-nitrophenol that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. Phosphate release can also be measured using malachite green or molybdate-based assays. These methods are used to assess enzyme kinetics, inhibitor efficacy, and phosphate levels in biological samples. For protein phosphorylation, radioactive ATP or phospho-specific antibodies are employed.
Phosphoproteomics and Mass Spectrometry
Mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics enables global profiling of phosphorylation events, a key component of GO:0006796. Techniques such as TiO2 or IMAC enrichment followed by LC-MS/MS identify thousands of phosphosites. This approach is used to study signaling pathways, kinase-substrate relationships, and the effects of phosphatase inhibitors. Quantitative phosphoproteomics can compare disease models to controls, revealing dysregulated phosphate metabolism.
CRISPR Screens and Functional Genomics
Genome-wide CRISPR knockout screens can identify genes required for phosphate metabolism or resistance to phosphate stress. For example, cells can be cultured in phosphate-limiting media and screened for sgRNAs that confer growth advantage or disadvantage. Such screens have been used to uncover novel regulators of phosphate homeostasis and to validate candidate genes from GWAS. CRISPR activation and interference screens can also modulate gene expression to study phosphate metabolism.
Biosensing and Electrochemical Detection
Electrochemical transistors, such as PEDOT-polyamine organic electrochemical transistors, can detect phosphate-containing compounds like acetylcholine through supramolecular interactions. These biosensors offer high sensitivity and can be integrated into lab-on-a-chip devices for point-of-care testing. They are useful for monitoring phosphate metabolites in real time and for studying enzyme kinetics.
How CRISPR Can Be Used to Study GO:0006796 phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
Knockout
CRISPR knockout (KO) is used to completely ablate genes involved in phosphate-containing compound metabolism, such as ALPL, PTPN1, or SLC34A1. KO cell lines and animal models help determine the loss-of-function phenotype, including changes in phosphate levels, mineralization, and signaling. For example, ALPL KO cells exhibit defective mineralization and increased pyrophosphate, mimicking hypophosphatasia. Genome-wide KO screens can identify essential genes in phosphate metabolism.
Point Mutation
Point-mutation knock-in via CRISPR allows the introduction of specific disease-associated mutations, such as PTPN11 D61Y or ALPL missense variants. These models are crucial for understanding how single amino acid changes alter enzyme activity, substrate specificity, or protein interactions. For instance, PTPN11 D61Y knock-in cells show hyperactive phosphatase activity and aberrant signaling, modeling Noonan syndrome. Point mutations in ENPP1 can recapitulate mineralization disorders.
Knock-in
Large knock-in (KI) models, including tagged or reporter knock-ins, enable visualization and tracking of phosphate-metabolizing enzymes. For example, knocking in a fluorescent tag to ALPL allows live-cell imaging of its localization and trafficking. KI of entire genes or regulatory elements can also rescue knockout phenotypes or create humanized models. These approaches are valuable for studying phosphate metabolism in real time.
Overexpression
CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) or cDNA overexpression is used to increase the expression of genes in GO:0006796, such as FICD or PTPN1. Overexpression models help identify gain-of-function effects, including enhanced phosphate liberation or altered signaling. For example, overexpression of FICD in mammalian cells can modulate ER stress and AMPylation levels. Overexpression of alkaline phosphatases can increase phosphate hydrolysis and affect mineralization.
How EDITGENE Supports phosphate-containing compound metabolic process Research
Researchers studying phosphate-containing compound metabolic process-related genes often need to determine whether a candidate gene is causally involved in a specific phenotype, such as altered phosphate homeostasis, mineralization, or signaling. EDITGENE provides a comprehensive suite of CRISPR services to generate precisely engineered cell models, enabling rigorous functional validation of genes within GO:0006796.
Contact EDITGENE today to design your custom CRISPR model for phosphate-containing compound metabolic process research.
Frequently Asked Questions About phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
What is GO:0006796?
GO:0006796 is the Gene Ontology term for phosphate-containing compound metabolic process, defined as the chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
What genes are involved in phosphate-containing compound metabolic process?
Key genes include ALPL, ALPP, PTPN1, PTPN11, FICD, ENPP1, ANKH, SLC34A1, and SLC20A1, among others.
What is the function of phosphate metabolism?
Phosphate metabolism regulates energy balance, signal transduction via phosphorylation, bone mineralization, and cellular phosphate homeostasis.
How is phosphate-containing compound metabolism studied?
It is studied using biochemical assays, phosphoproteomics, CRISPR screens, and biosensors.
What diseases are associated with phosphate metabolism?
Diseases include hypophosphatasia, ectopic mineralization, kidney stones, Noonan syndrome, and certain cancers.
What is the role of alkaline phosphatase in phosphate metabolism?
Alkaline phosphatases hydrolyze phosphate esters to release inorganic phosphate, and their isoenzymes are important in bone, liver, and placental biology.
How do bacteria metabolize phosphate?
Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus liberate inorganic phosphate from organophosphates when phosphate is limiting, using enzymes such as phosphatases.
What are FIC proteins?
FIC proteins are enzymes conserved from bacteria to humans that modify proteins and nucleotides with AMP, affecting phosphate metabolism and host-pathogen interactions.
Can CRISPR be used to study phosphate metabolism?
Yes, CRISPR knockout, point mutation, knock-in, and overexpression models enable precise functional studies of genes in GO:0006796.
What is the clinical significance of urinary phosphate stones?
Urinary pH and phosphate concentration influence stone formation; understanding phosphate metabolism helps manage nephrolithiasis.
Conclusion
GO:0006796 (phosphate-containing compound metabolic process) is a fundamental biological process that encompasses the chemical transformations of phosphate groups in all living organisms. From protein phosphorylation to bone mineralization and bacterial phosphate acquisition, this term bridges metabolism, signaling, and physiology. Dysregulation of these pathways underlies a wide range of diseases, including hypophosphatasia, kidney stones, and cancer. Advances in CRISPR-based models and omics technologies are accelerating our understanding of phosphate metabolism and enabling the development of targeted therapies. EDITGENE's comprehensive CRISPR services support researchers in dissecting the causal roles of genes within GO:0006796, from knockout to precise point mutations and high-throughput screens.
References
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- 3. Veyron S et al.. 2018. FIC proteins: from bacteria to humans and back again.. Pathog Dis 76(2) PMID: 29617857
- 4. Zaher DM et al.. 2020. Recent advances with alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes and their inhibitors.. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 353(5):e2000011 PMID: 32128876
- 5. Eshun LE et al.. 2024. Strategies for optimizing biovivianite production using dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria.. Environ Res 242:117667 PMID: 37980994
- 6. Mateus P et al.. 2020. Zinc(ii) and copper(ii) complexes as tools to monitor/inhibit protein phosphorylation events.. Dalton Trans 49(47):17076-17092 PMID: 33179675
- 7. Kelliher JL et al.. 2020. Staphylococcus aureus Preferentially Liberates Inorganic Phosphate from Organophosphates in Environments where This Nutrient Is Limiting.. J Bacteriol 202(22) PMID: 32868400
- 8. Montero-Jimenez M et al.. 2024. Transduction of Amine-Phosphate Supramolecular Interactions and Biosensing of Acetylcholine through PEDOT-Polyamine Organic Electrochemical Transistors.. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 16(45):61419-61427 PMID: 37851945
