GO:0099103 channel activator activity: Mechanism, Genes and Research Methods

Research-grade guide for scientists and biopharma professionals

Key Takeaways

GO:0099103 channel activator activity describes a molecular function in which a protein directly binds or modifies an ion channel and causes it to open, without itself transporting ions.
Channel activators are distinct from channel subunits: they gate pre-existing channels and can act on TRPV1, TRPC, Piezo1, L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels in physiological settings such as exercise, thermogenesis and catecholamine signaling [1,4,5,6,8].
The term is mechanistically linked to exercise physiology, vascular tone, thermoregulation and cardiac pacemaking, making it a high-value target for metabolic and cardiovascular research [2,3,6,7,8].
Dysregulated channel activation contributes to arrhythmogenic remodeling, exertional heat stroke susceptibility and inflammation in muscle and stromal compartments [4,5,7].
CRISPR knockout, point-mutation, knock-in and overexpression models are the standard tools for testing whether a candidate activator is causally required for channel opening in a given cell type [1,4,8].
EDITGENE provides end-to-end cell model generation and CRISPR library screening to dissect channel activator activity at scale.

Description

GO:0099103 channel activator activity is a molecular function term in the Gene Ontology that captures the ability of a protein to directly interact with an ion channel, by binding or modification, and thereby cause the channel to open. The channel itself catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore, whereas the activator is the regulatory partner that shifts the channel into its conducting state. This distinction matters because many physiological responses, from brown-fat thermogenesis to coronary vasodilation and cardiac rate acceleration, depend on the timely opening of specific channels rather than on changes in channel abundance [1,2,8]. Researchers encounter channel activator activity whenever they study excitable or non-excitable cells that respond to mechanical, thermal, chemical or adrenergic cues. For example, PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis, a process that requires gating of thermogenic channels in adipocytes. Exercise is another context in which channel activation is central: coronary blood flow during exercise depends on coordinated opening of vascular channels, and the American College of Sports Medicine position stand on exercise and hypertension highlights the physiological importance of these vascular responses. At the molecular level, channel activator activity is not a single mechanism but a family of gating modes. Some activators are endogenous ligands or metabolites, others are mechanical force transducers, and still others are accessory proteins that modify channel phosphorylation or trafficking [4,5,6,8]. Because the term is defined by the outcome (channel opening) rather than by a specific structural fold, it is best studied with functional assays that measure ion flux, membrane potential or downstream calcium signals in cells where the candidate activator and channel are both expressed [1,4,8].

channel activator activity At A Glance

GO ID GO:0099103
GO term channel activator activity
Ontology molecular_function
Synonym channel gating activity
Definition Direct interaction with a channel (binding or modification), resulting in its opening. A channel catalyzes energy-independent facilitated diffusion, mediated by passage of a solute through a transmembrane aqueous pore or channel.
Major function Positive regulation of ion channel opening by direct binding or modification
Biological context Thermogenesis, exercise physiology, vascular tone, cardiac pacemaking, inflammation
Representative channels TRPV1, TRPC, Piezo1, L-type Ca(v)1.3, HCN channels
Research methods Patch clamp, calcium imaging, CRISPR KO/point mutation/knock-in, overexpression

What Is GO:0099103?

In plain terms, GO:0099103 channel activator activity means a protein acts like a key that unlocks an ion channel so ions can flow through it. The QuickGO definition specifies that the activator directly interacts with the channel, either by binding to it or by modifying it, and that this interaction results in channel opening. The channel itself is an energy-independent facilitated diffusion machine that lets a solute pass through a transmembrane aqueous pore. The synonym channel gating activity emphasizes that the activator controls the open-closed transition rather than the transport step itself. This function is annotated to the activator protein, not to the channel, and it is therefore distinct from channel activity, channel regulator activity and channel inhibitor activity.

Why Is channel activator activity Important in Cell Biology?

Channel activator activity is important because it provides a reversible, fast and energy-efficient way for cells to convert physiological signals into ion flux. In thermogenesis, PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and requires channel activation in adipocytes. In the cardiovascular system, coronary blood flow during exercise depends on the opening of vascular channels, and exercise and hypertension guidelines recognize these vascular adaptations as clinically relevant. In the immune and musculoskeletal systems, Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells ignites muscle inflammation in exercise and injury and is associated with inflammaging. In the brain, heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke improves the function of preoptic TRPV1 neurons. In the heart, L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels mediate heart rate acceleration by catecholamines, while exercise causes arrhythmogenic remodeling of intracellular calcium dynamics in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts. Together, these examples show that channel activator activity sits at the intersection of metabolism, cardiovascular control, neuroprotection and inflammation.
Defines how endogenous proteins open ion channels without transporting ions themselves.
Underpins thermogenesis and brown-fat-like remodeling of white adipose tissue.
Controls coronary blood flow during exercise and vascular adaptation to training [2,3].
Drives Piezo1-dependent stromal cell activation and muscle inflammation in exercise and injury.
Supports heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke via preoptic TRPV1 neurons.
Is a therapeutic concept in exercise-mimetic strategies targeting TRPC channels.
Contributes to arrhythmogenic remodeling of calcium dynamics in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts.
Mediates catecholamine-induced heart rate acceleration through L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels.
Provides a tractable target class for CRISPR knockout, point-mutation, knock-in and overexpression studies [1,4,8].
Enables high-throughput CRISPR library screening to discover new channel activators.

Molecular Mechanism of channel activator activity

Recognition and binding of the channel
In simple terms: The activator first finds and sticks to its target channel.
Channel activator activity begins with direct interaction between the activator protein and the channel. This interaction can be a stable binding event or a transient encounter that is stabilized by post-translational modification. In thermogenic adipocytes, PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis, a process that requires the activator to engage thermogenic channels in the adipocyte membrane. In the heart, catecholamines promote heart rate acceleration through L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels, illustrating that activator recognition is often coupled to G-protein and second-messenger signaling. The specificity of this step determines which channel is opened and in which cell type.
Conformational change and channel opening
In simple terms: Once bound, the activator changes the channel shape so ions can pass.
After recognition, the activator induces a conformational change that moves the channel from a closed to an open state. This is the defining outcome of GO:0099103 channel activator activity. In vascular smooth muscle, coronary blood flow during exercise depends on the opening of vascular channels in response to metabolic and mechanical cues, and exercise and hypertension guidelines recognize these vascular adaptations as clinically relevant. In preoptic neurons, heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke improves the function of TRPV1 neurons, which requires activator-driven opening of TRPV1 channels. The open state is transient and is terminated by activator dissociation, channel inactivation or negative feedback.
Mechanical activation by Piezo1
In simple terms: Some activators open channels in response to physical force.
Piezo1 is a mechanically activated channel that is opened by force transmitted through the membrane and cytoskeleton. Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells ignites muscle inflammation in exercise and injury and is associated with inflammaging. In this context, the activator function is intrinsic to the channel complex and its associated mechanotransduction machinery, and it converts mechanical load into calcium influx and inflammatory signaling. This example shows that channel activator activity is not limited to soluble ligands and can be encoded by force-sensing protein assemblies.
Modulation by TRPC and exercise-mimetic pathways
In simple terms: Activators can be targeted to mimic the benefits of exercise.
TRPC channels are activated by a range of lipid, mechanical and receptor-operated signals, and they have been proposed as targets for exercise-mimetic therapy. In this setting, the activator may be a downstream second messenger or an accessory protein that couples receptor stimulation to channel opening. Because TRPC activation can be triggered pharmacologically, it provides a testable model for dissecting the activator step independently of the channel pore. This is directly relevant to GO:0099103 because the term is defined by the activator-channel interaction rather than by the identity of the activator.
Calcium-dependent regulation and arrhythmogenic remodeling
In simple terms: Calcium signals can feed back on the activator-channel system.
In cardiomyocytes, exercise causes arrhythmogenic remodeling of intracellular calcium dynamics in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts. This remodeling reflects altered coupling between calcium-handling proteins and the channels they activate, and it can convert a protective activator response into a pro-arrhythmic one. Similarly, L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels mediate heart rate acceleration by catecholamines, a process that requires precise activator gating to avoid excessive calcium entry. These examples show that channel activator activity is embedded in feedback loops that determine whether the physiological outcome is adaptive or pathological [7,8].

Key Genes Involved in GO:0099103 channel activator activity

The following genes and proteins are representative of channel activator activity, either as activators, as channels that are activated, or as signaling components that couple physiological cues to channel opening.
GeneMajor RoleResearch Relevance
PGC1A (PPARGC1A)Drives PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling and brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesisMetabolic and thermogenesis studies; activator of thermogenic channels
TRPV1Heat- and ligand-activated channel in preoptic neuronsHeat acclimation and exertional heat stroke defense
TRPCReceptor- and mechanically activated channelsExercise-mimetic therapy and vascular signaling
PIEZO1Mechanically activated channel in stromal cellsMuscle inflammation in exercise and injury; inflammaging
CACNA1D (Ca(v)1.3)L-type calcium channel mediating heart rate accelerationCatecholamine-driven pacemaking
HCNHyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channelsHeart rate acceleration by catecholamines
PKP2 (Plakophilin-2)Desmosomal protein that influences calcium dynamicsArrhythmogenic remodeling after exercise
RYR2Ryanodine receptor calcium release channelIntracellular calcium dynamics in cardiomyocytes
SERCA (ATP2A2)Calcium reuptake pump that shapes calcium transientsCalcium remodeling in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts
eNOS (NOS3)Endothelial nitric oxide synthase supporting vascular toneCoronary blood flow during exercise
KCNQ1Potassium channel contributing to vascular and cardiac repolarizationExercise and hypertension physiology
BKCa (KCNMA1)Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channelVascular smooth muscle tone during exercise
TRPM8Cold- and menthol-activated channelThermosensation and thermoregulation
TRPA1Chemical and mechanical irritant channelExercise and injury inflammatory signaling
P2X receptorsATP-gated cation channelsExercise-induced muscle signaling
ADRB1/ADRB2Beta-adrenergic receptors that initiate catecholamine signalingHeart rate acceleration and vascular responses
GNASG-protein alpha subunit coupling beta-adrenergic receptors to channelsCatecholamine signaling in the heart

How Is channel activator activity Regulated?

Channel activator activity is regulated at multiple levels. Transcriptional control determines whether the activator and its target channel are co-expressed, as seen in PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Post-translational modification, especially phosphorylation and calcium-dependent modification, tunes the affinity and efficacy of the activator-channel interaction, as illustrated by catecholamine-mediated heart rate acceleration through L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels. Mechanical regulation is also important: Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells ignites muscle inflammation in exercise and injury and is associated with inflammaging. Finally, feedback from intracellular calcium stores can remodel the activator-channel system, as shown by exercise-induced arrhythmogenic remodeling of calcium dynamics in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts. Together, these layers allow the same activator to produce different physiological outcomes depending on cell type and physiological state.

channel activator activity and Human Disease

GeneDisease / BiologyPotential Experimental Model
PKP2Arrhythmogenic remodeling of calcium dynamics after exercisePKP2 knockout or point-mutation cardiomyocytes
CACNA1DCatecholamine-induced heart rate acceleration and arrhythmiaCa(v)1.3 knock-in or overexpression in cardiac cells
PIEZO1Muscle inflammation in exercise and injury; inflammagingPiezo1 knockout or point-mutation stromal cells
TRPV1Exertional heat stroke susceptibility and heat acclimationTRPV1 knockout or knock-in neurons
PPARGC1AImpaired thermogenesis and metabolic diseasePGC1-alpha overexpression or knockout adipocytes
Channel activator activity in cardiovascular disease
Dysregulated channel activation is a recurring theme in cardiovascular pathology. Exercise causes arrhythmogenic remodeling of intracellular calcium dynamics in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts, indicating that activator-channel coupling can become pro-arrhythmic when desmosomal integrity is compromised. L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels mediate heart rate acceleration by catecholamines, and excessive or mistimed activation of these channels can contribute to tachyarrhythmias. Coronary blood flow during exercise depends on precise channel opening, and impaired activator function may limit exercise capacity. Exercise and hypertension guidelines emphasize that regular physical activity improves vascular channel function, supporting the idea that channel activator activity is a modifiable disease-relevant process.
Channel activator activity in metabolic and thermogenic disease
PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis, a process that depends on channel activator activity in adipocytes. When this pathway is impaired, thermogenic capacity is reduced, which is relevant to obesity and metabolic disease. TRPC channels have been proposed as targets for exercise-mimetic therapy, suggesting that pharmacological activation of these channels could mimic some metabolic benefits of exercise. These observations position channel activator activity as a potential therapeutic node in metabolic disorders.
Channel activator activity in inflammation and muscle injury
Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells ignites muscle inflammation in exercise and injury and is associated with inflammaging. This indicates that mechanically activated channel opening can initiate inflammatory cascades in muscle and that chronic activation may contribute to age-related inflammation. TRPV1 neurons in the preoptic area are also involved in heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke, linking channel activator activity to neuroprotection during thermal stress. Together, these findings show that channel activator activity can be either protective or pathogenic depending on context.
Channel activator activity in exercise physiology and heat stress
Exercise is a physiological state in which channel activator activity is repeatedly engaged. Coronary blood flow during exercise depends on channel opening, and exercise and hypertension guidelines recognize the cardiovascular benefits of these responses. Heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke improves the function of preoptic TRPV1 neurons, demonstrating that channel activator activity can be trained and that it contributes to thermal tolerance. TRPC channels are also implicated in exercise-mimetic therapy, further linking channel activator activity to exercise adaptation.

From channel activator activity-Related Genes to Experimental Models

Research QuestionSuitable Model
Is the candidate activator required for channel opening?CRISPR knockout of the activator gene followed by patch clamp or calcium imaging [1,4,8]
Does a specific residue mediate activator binding?Point-mutation knock-in of the predicted binding interface [4,8]
Can a tagged activator be used to monitor channel interaction?Tagged knock-in of the activator with a fluorescent or affinity tag [1,8]
Does overexpression of the activator enhance channel activity?Overexpression of the activator in a channel-expressing cell line [1,6]
Which genes regulate channel activator activity at scale?CRISPR library screening with a channel-activity reporter
Does exercise or heat stress change activator function?In vivo exercise or heat acclimation models combined with knockout cells [4,5,7]

How to Study the channel activator activity Process

MethodWhat It MeasuresTypical Application
Patch clampChannel open probability and currentTesting activator-dependent opening of Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels
Calcium imagingIntracellular calcium transientsMeasuring downstream effects of TRPV1 and Piezo1 activation [4,5]
CRISPR knockoutLoss-of-function phenotypeTesting necessity of a candidate activator [1,4]
Point-mutation knock-inEffect of a specific residue changeMapping activator binding interface [4,8]
Tagged knock-inLocalization and interaction of the activatorVisualizing activator-channel complexes
OverexpressionGain-of-function phenotypeAmplifying activator signaling in cell lines [1,6]
CRISPR library screeningGenome-wide modifiers of channel activityDiscovering new channel activators
RNA sequencingTranscriptional changes in activator and channel genesExercise and heat stress studies [4,5]
Patch clamp electrophysiology
Patch clamp is the gold-standard method for measuring channel activator activity because it directly reports channel opening at the single-channel or whole-cell level. In studies of catecholamine-induced heart rate acceleration, patch clamp of L-type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels reveals how activators shift the voltage dependence of activation. In thermogenic adipocytes, patch clamp can confirm that PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling opens thermogenic channels. The method is also used to test whether Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells is mechanically gated.
Calcium imaging and fluorescent reporters
Calcium imaging with genetically encoded or chemical indicators reports the downstream consequence of channel activator activity. Exercise causes arrhythmogenic remodeling of intracellular calcium dynamics in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts, and calcium imaging captures these changes in cardiomyocytes. In preoptic TRPV1 neurons, calcium imaging shows how heat acclimation improves channel function. In muscle and stromal cells, calcium imaging reveals Piezo1-dependent activation during exercise and injury.
CRISPR-based genetic perturbation
CRISPR knockout, point mutation, knock-in and overexpression allow causal testing of channel activator activity. Knockout of a candidate activator removes the protein and tests necessity, while point mutation of the predicted binding interface tests sufficiency of a specific residue [4,8]. Tagged knock-in enables visualization of the activator-channel complex in live cells. Overexpression can amplify the activator signal and reveal gain-of-function phenotypes [1,6]. These approaches are complementary to pharmacological tools such as TRPC activators used in exercise-mimetic therapy.
Transcriptomics and CRISPR library screening
RNA sequencing and CRISPR library screening identify genes that regulate channel activator activity at scale. In exercise and heat stress models, transcriptomics reveals changes in activator and channel gene expression [4,5]. CRISPR library screening with a channel-activity reporter can nominate new activators and modifiers, and bioinformatic analysis prioritizes candidates for validation. These methods are particularly useful when the activator is not known a priori and must be discovered from a complex physiological response.

How CRISPR Can Be Used to Study GO:0099103 channel activator activity

Knockout

CRISPR knockout of a candidate channel activator is the most direct way to test whether the protein is required for channel opening. In thermogenic adipocytes, knockout of PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling components would test whether brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis depends on the activator. In stromal cells, Piezo1 knockout tests whether mechanically activated channel opening is required for muscle inflammation in exercise and injury. In cardiomyocytes, knockout of L-type Ca(v)1.3 or HCN channel components tests their role in catecholamine-induced heart rate acceleration. Knockout models are also useful for validating hits from CRISPR library screens.

Point Mutation

Point-mutation knock-in allows precise dissection of the activator-channel interface. For example, mutating the predicted binding residues in a mechanosensitive channel complex can test whether Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells requires a specific structural contact. Similarly, point mutations in L-type Ca(v)1.3 or HCN channels can reveal residues required for catecholamine-mediated heart rate acceleration. In TRPV1 neurons, point mutations can separate heat sensing from activator-dependent gating in heat acclimation. This approach is essential when a gene has multiple functions and only the activator function is of interest.

Knock-in

Knock-in of tags, reporters or human disease variants provides a way to study channel activator activity in a physiological context. Tagged knock-in of an activator can be used to monitor its localization and interaction with the channel in live cells. Knock-in of disease-associated variants in PKP2 can model the arrhythmogenic remodeling of calcium dynamics seen after exercise. Knock-in of human TRPV1 variants can test whether heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke is altered. These models are particularly valuable for translational studies.

Overexpression

Overexpression of a channel activator or its target channel amplifies the signaling pathway and makes it easier to measure. Overexpression of PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine components can enhance brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis in cell models. Overexpression of TRPC channels can sensitize cells to exercise-mimetic stimuli. Overexpression of L-type Ca(v)1.3 or HCN channels can reveal gain-of-function effects on heart rate acceleration. Overexpression is often used in combination with knockout to establish bidirectional causality.

How EDITGENE Supports channel activator activity Research

Researchers studying channel activator activity-related genes often need to determine whether a candidate gene is causally involved in channel opening, whether a specific residue mediates the activator-channel interaction, and whether the pathway can be amplified or suppressed in a disease-relevant cell type. Answering these questions requires precise genetic models that go beyond correlative expression data. EDITGENE provides the full pipeline from guide design to validated cell lines, enabling reproducible functional studies of GO:0099103 channel activator activity.
Contact EDITGENE today to design your custom CRISPR model for channel activator activity research.

Frequently Asked Questions About channel activator activity

GO:0099103 channel activator activity is a molecular function in which a protein directly interacts with an ion channel, by binding or modification, and causes the channel to open. The channel itself carries out energy-independent facilitated diffusion of a solute through a transmembrane pore.
Representative genes include PPARGC1A (PGC1-alpha), TRPV1, TRPC family members, PIEZO1, CACNA1D (Ca(v)1.3), HCN channels, PKP2, RYR2, ATP2A2, NOS3, KCNQ1, KCNMA1, TRPM8, TRPA1, P2X receptors, ADRB1, ADRB2 and GNAS [1,4,5,6,7,8].
Channel activity refers to the transport function of the channel itself, whereas channel activator activity refers to the function of a separate protein that opens the channel. The activator is annotated to GO:0099103, while the channel is annotated to channel activity.
The synonym is channel gating activity, which emphasizes that the activator controls the open-closed transition of the channel.
Exercise engages channel activator activity in multiple tissues: coronary blood flow during exercise depends on channel opening, exercise and hypertension guidelines recognize vascular benefits, and Piezo1-dependent stromal cell activation contributes to muscle inflammation in exercise and injury.
PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine signaling drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis, a process that requires activator-dependent opening of thermogenic channels in adipocytes.
Yes. CRISPR knockout tests necessity, point-mutation knock-in tests specific residues, tagged knock-in enables visualization, and overexpression tests gain of function. These approaches have been applied to Piezo1, TRPV1, Ca(v)1.3 and HCN channels [4,5,8].
Channel activator activity has been linked to arrhythmogenic remodeling in plakophilin-2-deficient hearts, catecholamine-induced heart rate acceleration, exertional heat stroke susceptibility, muscle inflammation and inflammaging, and metabolic disease through impaired thermogenesis.
Patch clamp, calcium imaging, CRISPR knockout, point-mutation knock-in, tagged knock-in, overexpression, CRISPR library screening and RNA sequencing are commonly used [1,4,5,6,7,8].
EDITGENE provides knockout, point-mutation, knock-in, overexpression cell models, CRISPR library screening and bioinformatics services to dissect channel activator activity in disease-relevant cell types [1,4,6,8].

Conclusion

GO:0099103 channel activator activity defines a distinct and physiologically important molecular function: the direct opening of ion channels by partner proteins. From PGC1-alpha-dependent thermogenesis to catecholamine-driven heart rate acceleration, Piezo1-mediated muscle inflammation and TRPV1-dependent heat acclimation, channel activator activity is embedded in metabolism, cardiovascular control, inflammation and neuroprotection [1,4,5,6,7,8]. Because the term is defined by the activator-channel interaction rather than by a single gene, it is best studied with functional assays and precise genetic models. CRISPR knockout, point-mutation, knock-in and overexpression approaches, combined with patch clamp, calcium imaging and library screening, provide a rigorous path to causal discovery [1,4,6,8]. As the field moves toward exercise-mimetic and precision therapies, channel activator activity will remain a high-value target class. Researchers who can reproducibly generate and validate channel activator models will be well positioned to translate mechanistic findings into therapeutic hypotheses. EDITGENE supports this workflow with end-to-end cell model generation, screening and bioinformatics services.

References

  1. 1. Boström P et al.. 2012. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis.. Nature 481(7382):463-8 PMID: 22237023
  2. 2. Duncker DJ et al.. 2008. Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise.. Physiol Rev 88(3):1009-86 PMID: 18626066
  3. 3. Pescatello LS et al.. 2004. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension.. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36(3):533-53 PMID: 15076798
  4. 4. Langston PK et al.. 2026. Piezo1-dependent activation of stromal cells ignites muscle inflammation in exercise and injury and is associated with inflammaging.. Nat Immunol 27(3):543-555 PMID: 41775886
  5. 5. Li J et al.. 2025. Heat acclimation defense against exertional heat stroke by improving the function of preoptic TRPV1 neurons.. Theranostics 15(4):1376-1398 PMID: 39816678
  6. 6. Numaga-Tomita T et al.. 2019. TRPC channels in exercise-mimetic therapy.. Pflugers Arch 471(3):507-517 PMID: 30298191
  7. 7. van Opbergen CJM et al.. 2022. Exercise Causes Arrhythmogenic Remodeling of Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Plakophilin-2-Deficient Hearts.. Circulation 145(19):1480-1496 PMID: 35491884
  8. 8. Torre E et al.. 2026. L-Type Ca(v)1.3 and HCN Channels Mediate Heart Rate Acceleration by Catecholamines.. Circ Res 138(1):e327497 PMID: 41342134
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